{"id":26546,"date":"2022-03-19T08:13:06","date_gmt":"2022-03-19T08:13:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/?page_id=26546"},"modified":"2024-05-05T18:40:00","modified_gmt":"2024-05-05T18:40:00","slug":"wunderbares-mittel-zum-schutz-von-hummeln","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/zazracny-pripravek-na-ochranu-cmelaku\/","title":{"rendered":"Wundermittel zum Schutz von Hummeln?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"26546\" class=\"elementor elementor-26546\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac8e21e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac8e21e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d171a7b\" data-id=\"d171a7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d3a665 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62d3a665\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bacillus thuringiensis dobr\u00fd sluha nebo zl\u00fd p\u00e1n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67f29eb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67f29eb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bd38f2f\" data-id=\"3bd38f2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68b92379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"68b92379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a451f47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a451f47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64c5adf5\" data-id=\"64c5adf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3027f3 elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-mobile elementor-nav-menu__align-start elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-33299 elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"e3027f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;vertical&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-chevron-down&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Men\u00fc\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-vertical e--pointer-background e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-e3027f3\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-799\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/rad-bych-zacal-chovat-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">R\u00e1d bych za\u010dal chovat \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-800\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nezbytna-prvni-uvaha\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Nezbytn\u00e1 prvn\u00ed \u00favaha<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3766\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-ziskat-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Jak z\u00edskat \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-802\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-vybrat-spravny-ul\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Jak vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u00fal<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38041\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nezbytna-vybava-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Nezbytn\u00e1 v\u00fdbava \u00falu<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/chodba-v-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Chodba v \u00falu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-806\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vetrani\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">V\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed \u00falu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-808\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/klapka\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Klapka<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5373\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/klapka-zvedani-zaklopky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed pro zved\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1klopky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2892\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/strecha-cmelaciho-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">St\u0159echa \u00falu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-25831\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/tepelna-izolace-a-vytapeni-ulku-pro-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Tepeln\u00e1 izolace a vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3606\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/cmelaci-vytah-k-bezpecne-kontrole-hnizd\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdtah pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy do hn\u00edzda<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-809\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vystelka\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">V\u00fdstelka<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3607\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pozorovaci-okenko-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Pozorovac\u00ed ok\u00e9nko \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38137\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">======================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-4161\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pomucky-chovatele-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Pom\u016fcky chovatele<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37248\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pomucky-pro-odchyt-a-usazeni-kralovny\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Pom\u016fcky pro odchyt a usazen\u00ed kr\u00e1lovny<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37247\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pomucky-pro-bezpecnou-kontrolu-v-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Pom\u016fcky pro bezpe\u010dnou kontrolu v \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38138\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">=================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37249\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/krmeni-krmitka-prikrmovani-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Krmen\u00ed a p\u0159ikrmov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-893\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kudy-cesta-nevede\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">NEBEZPE\u010cN\u00c9 v\u011bci pro \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8405\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nevhodne-komercne-dostupne-ulky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Nevhodn\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 \u00falky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30192\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nebezpecne-pripravky-proti-parazitum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky proti parazit\u016fm<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5884\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/prodej-nepuvodnich-druhu-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Prodej nep\u016fvodn\u00edch druh\u016f  zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch hybrid\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5843\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nevhodna-odchytova-sada\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Nevhodn\u00e1 odchytov\u00e1 sada<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30193\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/zazracny-pripravek-na-ochranu-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Bioinsekticid Bacillus thuringiensis riziko nebo p\u0159\u00ednos<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38139\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">============================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38090\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pripravna-faze-chovu-cmelaku-v-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">P\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e1 f\u00e1ze chovu<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33503\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/priprava-ulku-pred-sezonou\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">P\u0159\u00edprava \u00falku p\u0159ed sez\u00f3nou<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26457\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kdy-umistit-ulky-pro-cmelaky-na-stanoviste\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Kdy um\u00edstit \u00falky na stanovi\u0161t\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2854\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/ochrana-cmelaciho-ulu-pred-mravenci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Mravenci a ochrana \u00falu p\u0159ed nimi<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26750\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/zazracny-pripravek-na-ochranu-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek na ochranu?<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-811\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nejcastejsi-chyby\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chyby<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-813\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vyber-z-vasich-dotazu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">V\u00fdb\u011br z va\u0161ich dotaz\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38134\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">===========================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38109\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/cmelaci-sezona-zacina\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed sezona za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author nmr-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2463\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/prvni-krok-nez-zahajite-sezonu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Prvn\u00ed kroky ne\u017e zah\u00e1j\u00edte sez\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26458\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kdy-umistit-ulky-pro-cmelaky-na-stanoviste\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Kdy um\u00edstit \u00falky na stanovi\u0161t\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33532\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/umisteni-ulu-na-zahrade\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Kam spr\u00e1vn\u011b um\u00edstit \u00fal<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4692\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/matka-hleda-hnizdiste\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Matka hled\u00e1 hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-815\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-usadit-kralovnu-do-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Jak usadit \u010dmel\u00e1ka do \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36889\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/atraktant-pro-obsazeni-ulku-s-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Atraktant pro obsazen\u00ed \u00falku s \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-797\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/mam-nebo-nemam-usazeno\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">M\u00e1m nebo nem\u00e1m usazeno<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5983\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/matka-se-usadila-v-hnizdisti\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Matka se usadila v hn\u00edzdi\u0161ti<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-796\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/umeni-klapky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Um\u011bn\u00ed klapky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-795\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/extremni-vlivy-jara-mraziky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Extremn\u00ed vlivy jara: mraz\u00edky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6940\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kdy-a-jak-vetrat-ulek\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Kdy a jak v\u011btrat \u00falek s \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38136\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">===============================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33573\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/cmelaci-hnizdo-v-dobe-delnic\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Solitern\u00ed f\u00e1ze matky a prvn\u00edch d\u011blnic<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7049\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kontroly-hnizda-v-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">P\u00e9\u010de o rozvinut\u00e9 hn\u00edzdo v \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38115\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/parazite-a-predatori-ve-cmelacim-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Parazit\u00e9 a pred\u00e1to\u0159i v \u00falu<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6161\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pacmelaci-a-chov-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Pa\u010dmel\u00e1ci a chov \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6786\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/zavijec-cizopasny-a-chov-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd Aphomia sociella a chov<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18210\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/melittobia-acasta-a-chov-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Melittobia acasta a chov<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6709\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/ochrana-cmelaciho-ulu-pred-mravenci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Mravenci a ochrana proti nim<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38140\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">===================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-32968\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\">Konec \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed kolonie<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7428\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/prohlidka-ulu-a-hnizda-na-konci-sezony\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Prohl\u00eddka \u00falu a hn\u00edzda na konci sezony<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-850\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-vycistit-a-zazimovat-ul\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Jak vy\u010distit a zazimovat \u00fal<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38141\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-793\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vyber-z-vasich-dotazu-2\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">V\u00fdb\u011br z Va\u0161ich dotaz\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-894\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\" class=\"elementor-item\">Zp\u011bt na \u00favod<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Men\u00fc Umschalter\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-e3027f3\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-799\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/rad-bych-zacal-chovat-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">R\u00e1d bych za\u010dal chovat \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-800\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nezbytna-prvni-uvaha\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nezbytn\u00e1 prvn\u00ed \u00favaha<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3766\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-ziskat-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Jak z\u00edskat \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-802\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-vybrat-spravny-ul\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Jak vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u00fal<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38041\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nezbytna-vybava-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nezbytn\u00e1 v\u00fdbava \u00falu<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/chodba-v-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Chodba v \u00falu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-806\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vetrani\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">V\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed \u00falu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-808\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/klapka\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Klapka<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5373\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/klapka-zvedani-zaklopky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed pro zved\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1klopky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2892\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/strecha-cmelaciho-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">St\u0159echa \u00falu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-25831\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/tepelna-izolace-a-vytapeni-ulku-pro-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Tepeln\u00e1 izolace a vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3606\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/cmelaci-vytah-k-bezpecne-kontrole-hnizd\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdtah pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy do hn\u00edzda<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-809\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vystelka\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">V\u00fdstelka<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3607\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pozorovaci-okenko-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pozorovac\u00ed ok\u00e9nko \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38137\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">======================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-4161\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pomucky-chovatele-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pom\u016fcky chovatele<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37248\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pomucky-pro-odchyt-a-usazeni-kralovny\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pom\u016fcky pro odchyt a usazen\u00ed kr\u00e1lovny<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37247\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pomucky-pro-bezpecnou-kontrolu-v-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pom\u016fcky pro bezpe\u010dnou kontrolu v \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38138\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">=================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37249\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/krmeni-krmitka-prikrmovani-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Krmen\u00ed a p\u0159ikrmov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-893\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kudy-cesta-nevede\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">NEBEZPE\u010cN\u00c9 v\u011bci pro \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8405\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nevhodne-komercne-dostupne-ulky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nevhodn\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 \u00falky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30192\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nebezpecne-pripravky-proti-parazitum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky proti parazit\u016fm<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5884\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/prodej-nepuvodnich-druhu-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Prodej nep\u016fvodn\u00edch druh\u016f  zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch hybrid\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5843\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nevhodna-odchytova-sada\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nevhodn\u00e1 odchytov\u00e1 sada<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30193\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/zazracny-pripravek-na-ochranu-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Bioinsekticid Bacillus thuringiensis riziko nebo p\u0159\u00ednos<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38139\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">============================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38090\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pripravna-faze-chovu-cmelaku-v-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">P\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e1 f\u00e1ze chovu<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33503\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/priprava-ulku-pred-sezonou\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">P\u0159\u00edprava \u00falku p\u0159ed sez\u00f3nou<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26457\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kdy-umistit-ulky-pro-cmelaky-na-stanoviste\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Kdy um\u00edstit \u00falky na stanovi\u0161t\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2854\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/ochrana-cmelaciho-ulu-pred-mravenci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Mravenci a ochrana \u00falu p\u0159ed nimi<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26750\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/zazracny-pripravek-na-ochranu-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek na ochranu?<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-811\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/nejcastejsi-chyby\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chyby<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-813\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vyber-z-vasich-dotazu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">V\u00fdb\u011br z va\u0161ich dotaz\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38134\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">===========================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38109\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/cmelaci-sezona-zacina\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed sezona za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author nmr-logged-in menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2463\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/prvni-krok-nez-zahajite-sezonu\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Prvn\u00ed kroky ne\u017e zah\u00e1j\u00edte sez\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26458\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kdy-umistit-ulky-pro-cmelaky-na-stanoviste\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Kdy um\u00edstit \u00falky na stanovi\u0161t\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33532\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/umisteni-ulu-na-zahrade\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Kam spr\u00e1vn\u011b um\u00edstit \u00fal<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4692\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/matka-hleda-hnizdiste\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Matka hled\u00e1 hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-815\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-usadit-kralovnu-do-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Jak usadit \u010dmel\u00e1ka do \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36889\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/atraktant-pro-obsazeni-ulku-s-cmelaky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Atraktant pro obsazen\u00ed \u00falku s \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-797\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/mam-nebo-nemam-usazeno\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">M\u00e1m nebo nem\u00e1m usazeno<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5983\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/matka-se-usadila-v-hnizdisti\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Matka se usadila v hn\u00edzdi\u0161ti<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-796\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/umeni-klapky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Um\u011bn\u00ed klapky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-795\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/extremni-vlivy-jara-mraziky\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Extremn\u00ed vlivy jara: mraz\u00edky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6940\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kdy-a-jak-vetrat-ulek\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Kdy a jak v\u011btrat \u00falek s \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38136\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">===============================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33573\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/cmelaci-hnizdo-v-dobe-delnic\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Solitern\u00ed f\u00e1ze matky a prvn\u00edch d\u011blnic<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7049\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/kontroly-hnizda-v-ulku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">P\u00e9\u010de o rozvinut\u00e9 hn\u00edzdo v \u00falku<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38115\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/parazite-a-predatori-ve-cmelacim-ulu\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Parazit\u00e9 a pred\u00e1to\u0159i v \u00falu<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6161\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/pacmelaci-a-chov-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pa\u010dmel\u00e1ci a chov \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6786\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/zavijec-cizopasny-a-chov-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd Aphomia sociella a chov<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18210\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/melittobia-acasta-a-chov-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Melittobia acasta a chov<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6709\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/ochrana-cmelaciho-ulu-pred-mravenci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Mravenci a ochrana proti nim<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38140\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">===================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-32968\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">Konec \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed kolonie<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7428\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/prohlidka-ulu-a-hnizda-na-konci-sezony\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Prohl\u00eddka \u00falu a hn\u00edzda na konci sezony<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-850\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/jak-vycistit-a-zazimovat-ul\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Jak vy\u010distit a zazimovat \u00fal<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38141\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-793\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/de\/vyber-z-vasich-dotazu-2\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">V\u00fdb\u011br z Va\u0161ich dotaz\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-894\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Zp\u011bt na \u00favod<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ea74d64\" data-id=\"4ea74d64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e8c82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3e8c82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><em><strong>Co se zde dozv\u00edte<\/strong><\/em><\/h4><ul><li><em>Existuje n\u011bjak\u00fd z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek na ochranu \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9m\u00a0<\/em><\/li><li><em>Co je to Bacillus thuringiensis alias Bt.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Jak Bt. p\u016fsob\u00ed na hmyz<\/em><\/li><li><em>Jsou p\u0159\u00edpravky s Bt. bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro p\u0159\u00edrodu<\/em><\/li><li><em>Lze p\u0159\u00edpravky s Bt. pou\u017e\u00edt pro p\u0159\u00edrodu?<\/em><\/li><li><em>Jak je pou\u017e\u00edt v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b napaden\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edho hn\u00edzda<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2629d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2629d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Datum posledn\u00ed aktualizace: 19\/3\/2022<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6495942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6495942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong><span style=\"font-size: 1.25rem;\">Obsah<\/span><\/strong><\/h4><p><b><a href=\"#1\">\u00davod<\/a><br \/><a href=\"#2\">Bacillus thuringiensis, alias Bt.<\/a><br \/><a href=\"#3\">N\u011bco z historie<\/a><br \/><\/b><strong><a href=\"#4\">Jak Bt. p\u016fsob\u00ed na larvy hmyzu<\/a><br \/><a href=\"#5\">Praktick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed Bt.<\/a><br \/><a href=\"#6\">\u017divotnost Bt.<\/a><br \/><a href=\"#7\">Komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi Bt.<\/a><br \/><\/strong><a href=\"#8\"><b>Jsou p\u0159\u00edpravky s Bt. a jeho toxiny opravdu bezpe\u010dn\u00e9?<\/b><\/a><br \/><b><a href=\"#9\">Bt. a v\u010dely, tedy i \u010dmel\u00e1ci<\/a><br \/><\/b><strong><a href=\"#10\">Bt. a jeho kmeny p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 v komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00fdch \u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravc\u00edch na trhu v \u010cR<\/a><\/strong><br \/><strong><a href=\"#11\">Pou\u017eit\u00ed Bt. v souboji s se zav\u00edje\u010dem cizopasn\u00fdm (Aphomia sociella)<\/a><\/strong><br \/><strong><a href=\"#12\">Jak \u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS doporu\u010duj\u00ed aplikovat p\u0159\u00edpravek s Bt. proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9mu<\/a><\/strong><br \/><strong><a href=\"#13\">Z\u00e1v\u011br a shrnut\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e604edc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e604edc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"1\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><\/h4><p>\u010cmel\u00e1ky v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, i chovatele \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f tr\u00e1p\u00ed letit\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel \u2013 <strong>zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd<\/strong> (Aphomia sociella). Zav\u00edje\u010d je toti\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u00fd reduk\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinitel \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p><p>Tento parazit \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f dok\u00e1\u017ee v hn\u00edzd\u011b nad\u011blat skute\u010dnou paseku. Pokud se dostane do hn\u00edzda \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f, redukuje ho, nebo i kompletn\u011b zni\u010d\u00ed. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed hodn\u011b na tom, kolik sami\u010dek zav\u00edje\u010de se do hn\u00edzda dostane a tak\u00e9 v jak\u00e9m st\u00e1diu hn\u00edzda dojde k napaden\u00ed.\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">V\u00edce se o zav\u00edje\u010di do\u010dtete <\/span><a style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/zavijec-cizopasny-a-cmelaci\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ZDE\u00a0<\/a><\/p><p>Kolik hn\u00edzd \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f zav\u00edje\u010d v<strong>\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b napadne<\/strong>, nev\u00edme p\u0159esn\u011b. Je to ale jist\u011b <strong>vysok\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo<\/strong>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud vyj\u00ed\u017ed\u00edme na z\u00e1sah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/sos-cmelaci-hnizdo-na-nevhodnem-miste\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u010cmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed Rychl\u00e9 Roty<\/a> , vesm\u011bs jde o hn\u00edzda napaden\u00ed zav\u00edje\u010dem. D\u016fvodem je fakt, \u017ee jsou velmi<strong> \u010dasto odkryt\u00e1<\/strong> a zav\u00edje\u010d je<strong> snadno nalezne<\/strong>.<\/p><p><strong>Chovatel\u00e9<\/strong> se sna\u017e\u00ed \u00fatok\u016fm zav\u00edje\u010de br\u00e1nit a hledaj\u00ed <strong>r\u016fzn\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/strong>. V\u011bt\u0161inu z\u00a0t\u011bch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch najdete na na\u0161em webu (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/klapka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">klapka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/vetrani\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a>, dobr\u00e9 t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed, kontroly, atd.) V\u0161echna tato \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ale vy\u017eaduj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di a \u00fadr\u017ebu.<\/p><p>Pokud je ale <strong>\u00falek um\u00edst\u011bn mimo snadn\u00fd dosah chovatele<\/strong> (nedoporu\u010dujeme viz um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed \u2026 ), nebo v m\u00edst\u011b, kde chovatel nem\u016f\u017ee d\u011blat b\u011b\u017enou \u00fadr\u017ebu \u00falku (chata, zahrada mimo d\u016fm),<strong> hled\u00e1 chovatel n\u011bjak\u00e9 univers\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/strong>. To se ale bohu\u017eel ukazuje, \u017ee <strong>neexistuje<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p><p>Ano,<strong> smutn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va je, \u017ee jako v\u017edy univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed \u201el\u00e9k\u201c prost\u011b nen<\/strong>\u00ed. Je to jako se v\u0161emi l\u00e9ky \u2013 maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 omezen\u00ed a vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky.<\/p><p>V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b se objevil \u201c<strong>z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek<\/strong>&#8222;, kter\u00fd m\u011bl probl\u00e9m chovatel\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f s kone\u010dnou platnost\u00ed vy\u0159e\u0161it. Jde o vyu\u017eit\u00ed <strong>biologick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpravku<\/strong>\u00a0a kde z\u00e1kladem je <strong>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/strong> .<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Zde v\u00e1m <strong>p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme souhrn informac\u00ed<\/strong>. V detailu pro zv\u00eddav\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, v souhrnu pro ostatn\u00ed, a hlavn\u011b doporu\u010den\u00ed a z\u00e1v\u011br pro v\u0161echny.<strong> Vyberte si tedy sami, jak moc se chcete za\u010d\u00edst<\/strong>.<\/p><p><strong>Podstatn\u00e1 je kapitola <a href=\"http:\/\/Jak \u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS doporu\u010duj\u00ed aplikovat p\u0159\u00edpravek s Bt. proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9mu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jak \u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS doporu\u010duj\u00ed aplikovat p\u0159\u00edpravek s Bt. proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9mu<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0db13dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0db13dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"2\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Bacillus thuringiensis, alias Bt.<\/strong><\/h4><p>Neodpust\u00edme si <strong>trochu teorie<\/strong>, ono je to<strong> pro pochopen\u00ed v\u011bci nutn\u00e9<\/strong>. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm textu budeme Bacillus thuringiensis\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161inou zkracovat na pouh\u00e9 Bt.<\/p><p><strong>Bacillus thuringiensi<\/strong>s\u00a0je\u00a0grampozitivn\u00ed\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00ed\u00a0bakterie\u00a0z rodu\u00a0Bacillus\u00a0a kmene\u00a0Firmicutes. Je\u00a0aerobn\u00ed\u00a0a produkuje\u00a0spory. Ty obsahuj\u00ed toxiny (\u03b4-endotoxiny, tak\u00e9 ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako Cry), kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed\u00a0insekticidn\u00ed\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinky na n\u011bkter\u00e9 skupiny\u00a0hmyzu, a proto se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k produkci pesticid\u016f a tak\u00e9\u00a0geneticky modifikovan\u00fdch\u00a0(transgenn\u00edch) rostlin.<\/p><p>Bt. je p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd s B. cereus, p\u016fdn\u00ed bakteri\u00ed, a B. anthracis, p\u016fvodce antraxu. Stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 rodu jsou v\u0161echny t\u0159i aerobn\u00ed bakterie schopn\u00e9 produkovat endospory.<\/p><p>Bt. je v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b v\u0161udy p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch.<\/p><p><strong><em>Mal\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed:<\/em><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>Jako\u00a0grampozitivn\u00ed\u00a0se ozna\u010duj\u00ed\u00a0bakterie, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed na konci diagnostick\u00e9ho barven\u00ed podle\u00a0Gramovy metody\u00a0pod\u00a0mikroskopem\u00a0modrofialovou barvu. Tento fakt je zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011bn vysok\u00fdm obsahem\u00a0peptidoglykanu\u00a0v\u00a0bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 st\u011bn\u011b\u00a0a absenc\u00ed\u00a0vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed membr\u00e1ny\u00a0a\u00a0lipopolysacharidov\u00e9\u00a0vrstvy.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Aerobn\u00ed\u00a0proces nebo prost\u0159ed\u00ed je takov\u00e9, ve kter\u00e9m je dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed molekul\u00e1rn\u00edho\u00a0kysl\u00edku\u00a0(O2). Optim\u00e1ln\u00ed aerobn\u00ed podm\u00ednky jsou p\u0159i koncentraci kysl\u00edku ve voln\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e sledovan\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (nap\u0159.\u00a0kompost) nad 14\u00a0% objemov\u00fdch. Dostate\u010dn\u00e9 aerobn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro v\u011bt\u0161inu mikroorganizm\u016f jsou je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i koncentrac\u00edch do 3\u00a0% O2, p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm poklesu nast\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159echod k anaerobn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Spora\u00a0je u\u00a0bakteri\u00ed\u00a0bu\u0148ka, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed k dlouhodob\u00e9mu p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed za nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch podm\u00ednek.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Insekticid\u00a0je p\u0159\u00edpravek ur\u010den\u00fd k huben\u00ed\u00a0hmyzu\u00a0v jeho r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch stupn\u00edch. Insekticidy se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, k ochran\u011b z\u00e1sob a tak\u00e9 v oblasti\u00a0hygieny\u00a0a medic\u00edny. Podle toho, na kter\u00e9 v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 st\u00e1dium hmyzu p\u016fsob\u00ed, se rozd\u011bluj\u00ed na\u00a0ovicidy\u00a0(ni\u010d\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dka),\u00a0larvicidy\u00a0(ni\u010d\u00ed larvy),\u00a0ovilarvicidy\u00a0(ni\u010d\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dka a larvy) a\u00a0im\u00e1gocidy\u00a0(ni\u010d\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00fd hmyz).<\/em><\/li><li><em>Endospora\u00a0je biologick\u00fd term\u00edn ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed asexu\u00e1ln\u011b vznikl\u00e9 klidov\u00e9 stadium s funkc\u00ed\u00a0propagule.[zdroj?]\u00a0P\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdznam tohoto pojmu nen\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch biologie zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u017eivotn\u00edmi cykly organism\u016f zcela jednotn\u00fd. Pojem endospora se objevuje v odborn\u00e9 terminologii nap\u0159.\u00a0bakteriologie,\u00a0protozoologie, nebo\u00a0mykologie.[zdroj?]\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00e1 ze jmenovan\u00fdch disciplin p\u0159irozen\u011b endosporou m\u00edn\u00ed jin\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed objekt.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Spole\u010dn\u00fdmi znaky v\u0161ech endospor jsou: vznik prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vegetativn\u00edho rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, schopnost p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt v nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby d\u00e1t vznik nov\u00e9mu jedinci schopn\u00e9mu reprodukce<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i>Rovnou p\u0159ipoj\u00edme i vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, co je to <strong>larva<\/strong><\/i><\/p><ul><li><em>Larva je <strong>nedosp\u011bl\u00e9<\/strong> (juveniln\u00ed) <strong>stadium \u017eivo\u010dicha<\/strong> s nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem. U <strong>mot\u00fdl\u016f<\/strong> se larva naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <strong>housenka<\/strong>.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b089c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b089c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26712\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26712\" class=\"wp-image-26712\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Bacillus-thuringiensis-Zdroj-Jardineria-On.jpg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Bacillus-thuringiensis - Zdroj Jardineria On\" width=\"750\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Bacillus-thuringiensis-Zdroj-Jardineria-On.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Bacillus-thuringiensis-Zdroj-Jardineria-On-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Bacillus-thuringiensis-Zdroj-Jardineria-On-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26712\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacillus thuringiensis<br \/>Zdroj: Jardineria On<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5fac01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5fac01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"3\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>N\u011bco z historie<\/strong><\/h4><p>Bacilus thuringiensis byl <strong>objeven<\/strong> v roce 1901<strong> v Japonsku<\/strong> Ishiwatou. Byl poprv\u00e9 izolov\u00e1n z hmyz\u00edho hostitele (housenky bource moru\u0161ov\u00e9ho).<\/p><p>V roce 1911 byla potvrzena p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 insekticidn\u00ed aktivita v N\u011bmecku Ernstem Berlinerem, kter\u00fd objevil u housenek zav\u00edje\u010de mou\u010dn\u00e9ho nemoc zvanou Schlaffsucht (spavost).<\/p><p>Od t\u00e9 doby byly<strong> izolov\u00e1ny tis\u00edce kmen\u016f<\/strong> Bt., z nich\u017e v\u0161ak pouze n\u011bkter\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed toxicitu pro larvy n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f hmyzu.<\/p><p>V 50. letech se na trhu objevily prvn\u00ed bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi Bt. ur\u010den\u00e9 proti larv\u00e1m n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f mot\u00fdl\u016f. V roce 1976 byl na trh zaveden p\u0159\u00edpravek na b\u00e1zi kmene Bt. vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho let\u00e1ln\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed u n\u011bkter\u00fdch skupin dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00e9ho hmyzu (nap\u0159. muchni\u010dek a kom\u00e1r\u016f) a v roce 1984 byl odizolov\u00e1n kmen vykazuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost i na larvy n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f brouk\u016f (nap\u0159. larvy mandelinky bramborov\u00e9 \u2013 Leptinotarsa decemlineata). V sou\u010dasnosti se dokonce poda\u0159ilo odizolovat i kmeny vykazuj\u00edc\u00ed virulenci na nehmyz\u00edch hostitel\u00edch (nap\u0159. na rozto\u010d\u00edch a h\u00e1\u010f\u00e1tk\u00e1ch).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533fccb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533fccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26722\" style=\"width: 685px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26722\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26722\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Bacillus-thuringiensis-Foto-Denis-Kunkel.jpg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Bacillus-thuringiensis - Foto Denis Kunkel\" width=\"675\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Bacillus-thuringiensis-Foto-Denis-Kunkel.jpg 675w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Bacillus-thuringiensis-Foto-Denis-Kunkel-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26722\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacillus thuringiensis<br \/>Foto: Denis Kunkel<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f593ca1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f593ca1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"4\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Jak Bt. p\u016fsob\u00ed na larvy hmyzu<\/strong><\/h4><p>Bt. <strong>p\u016fsob\u00ed na hmyz po jeho poz\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong>. Mus\u00ed se dostat do st\u0159eva, kde se <strong>aktivuje<\/strong>, stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno a\u017e tam <strong>za\u010dne produkovat toxiny<\/strong>. Proto se v\u00a0praxi v\u00e1\u017ee na krystaly proteinu.<\/p><p>Toxiny pak hostitele rychle <strong>paralyzuj\u00ed<\/strong> \u2013 v \u0159\u00e1du hodin zastav\u00ed jeho vitalitu, <strong>p\u0159estane p\u0159ij\u00edmat potravu a pak rychle zahyne<\/strong>. V jeho t\u011ble se <strong>po \u010dase vytvo\u0159\u00ed nov\u00e9 spory<\/strong> Bt., kter\u00e9 \u010dekaj\u00ed na poz\u0159en\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edm hostitelem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afc1ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5afc1ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26576\" style=\"width: 606px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26576\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Jak-funguje-Bacillus-thuringiensis-alias-Bt..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"596\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Jak-funguje-Bacillus-thuringiensis-alias-Bt..jpg 596w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Jak-funguje-Bacillus-thuringiensis-alias-Bt.-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26576\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jak funguje Bacillus thuringiensis alias Bt.<br \/>Zdroj: Histopathology of the midgut in larvae of Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius, 1794 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) treated with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae)<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b4f8c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b4f8c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na dal\u0161\u00edm obr\u00e1zku je sch\u00e9ma v trochu v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm detailu, jde ale o stejn\u00fd mechanismus, kter\u00e1 zab\u00edj\u00ed larvy hmyzu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84dc08a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84dc08a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26584\" style=\"width: 422px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26584\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26584\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Jak-funguje-Bacillus-thuringiensis-alias-Bt.-V-detailu-Zdroj-Biologicke-pripravky-na-bazi-entomopatogennich-bakterii.png\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Jak funguje Bacillus thuringiensis alias Bt. - V detailu - Zdroj Biologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky na b\u00e1zi entomopatogenn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed\" width=\"412\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Jak-funguje-Bacillus-thuringiensis-alias-Bt.-V-detailu-Zdroj-Biologicke-pripravky-na-bazi-entomopatogennich-bakterii.png 412w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Jak-funguje-Bacillus-thuringiensis-alias-Bt.-V-detailu-Zdroj-Biologicke-pripravky-na-bazi-entomopatogennich-bakterii-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26584\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jak funguje Bacillus thuringiensis alias Bt. &#8211; V detailu<br \/>Zdroj: Biologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky na b\u00e1zi entomopatogenn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5af7b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5af7b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"5\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Praktick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed Bt.<\/strong><\/h4><p>Spory a krystalick\u00e9 insekticidn\u00ed proteiny produkovan\u00e9 Bt. se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako<strong> specifick\u00e9 \u201eekologick\u00e9\u201c insekticidy.<\/strong><\/p><p>Vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 specifi\u010dnosti jsou tyto pesticidy <strong>pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za \u0161etrn\u00e9 k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong>, s mal\u00fdm nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem na lidi, voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata, opylova\u010de a v\u011bt\u0161inu dal\u0161\u00edho u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho hmyzu. Belgick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Plant Genetic Systems pak byla prvn\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed (v roce 1985), kter\u00e1 vyvinula geneticky upraven\u00e9 transgenn\u00ed plodiny, zde tab\u00e1kov\u00e9 rostliny, s odolnost\u00ed v\u016f\u010di hmyzu pomoc\u00ed exprese cry gen\u016f z\u00a0Bt. <br \/>Toxiny resp., geny Bt. jsou tedy vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro geneticky upraven\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 plodiny, modifikovan\u00e9 s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich odolnost proti \u201e\u0161kodliv\u00e9mu hmyzu\u201c.<\/p><p>Insekticidy na b\u00e1zi Bt. se \u010dasto aplikuj\u00ed jako <strong>kapaln\u00e9 post\u0159iky na kulturn\u00ed rostliny<\/strong>, kde mus\u00ed b\u00fdt insekticid po\u017eit, aby byl \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee solubilizovan\u00e9 toxiny tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u00f3ry v epitelu st\u0159edn\u00edho st\u0159eva citliv\u00fdch larev (perforuj\u00ed st\u0159evo). Spory Bt., tedy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt poz\u0159eny, aby se aktivovaly. Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum nazna\u010dil, \u017ee pro insekticidn\u00ed aktivitu Bt. jsou nezbytn\u00e9 i bakterie st\u0159edn\u00edho st\u0159eva larev hmyzu. Pouh\u00e9 poz\u0159en\u00ed tedy nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dnou aktivac\u00ed.<\/p><p>Existuje <strong>\u0159ada kmen<\/strong>\u016f Bt. kter\u00e9 byly selektov\u00e1ny <strong>pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/strong>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Bt. serovar israelensis je \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako larvicid proti larv\u00e1m kom\u00e1r\u016f.<\/p><p>Dal\u0161\u00ed kmeny jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny, jakou \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 insekticidy p\u0159i produkci kuku\u0159ice a bavlny. Tam se povedlo genetickou manipulaci vpravit p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd kmen Bt. do rostlin. T\u00edm byly nahrazeny jin\u00e9, pro p\u0159\u00edrodu ne\u0161etrn\u00e9 insekticidy.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1kladem kone\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed Bt. je v\u017edy <strong>toxin<\/strong>. Ten je velmi siln\u00fd a <strong>p\u016fsob\u00ed na hmyz,<\/strong> kter\u00fd plodiny poz\u0159e. Bt. a jeho toxin m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt a je \u010dlov\u011bkem upraven \u2013 modulov\u00e1n a <strong>uzp\u016fsoben pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed jeden a\u017e dva \u0159\u00e1dy hmyzu<\/strong>. <strong>Jde o \u0159\u00e1d a v\u0161echny jeho p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky<\/strong>. <strong>Nelze ho omezit jen na druh<\/strong>.<\/p><p>U\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee toxin jako takov\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed a\u017e po poz\u0159en\u00ed ve st\u0159ev\u011b hmyzu. Do ned\u00e1vna se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee nep\u016fsob\u00ed na jin\u00fd organismus, tak\u017ee neohro\u017euje nap\u0159. obratlovce. Nyn\u00ed je zde ale podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee napadnout j\u00e1tra krys. Zat\u00edm se ale zd\u00e1, \u017ee se t\u00edmto probl\u00e9mem nikdo nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 a Bt. je Evropsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem pro bezpe\u010dnost potravin pova\u017eov\u00e1n za netoxick\u00fd pro \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p><p>Jako zaj\u00edmavost uv\u00e1d\u00edme i dal\u0161\u00ed aplikaci Bt. Testuje se jako jeden z\u00a0bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edch kompozit\u016f pro urychlen\u00ed degradace plast\u016f na b\u00e1zi polyethylenu. P\u0159\u00edklad\u016f ale m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mnohem v\u00edc.<\/p><p><strong>Zem\u011bd\u011blci j\u00e1saj\u00ed, ale ekologov\u00e9 a entomologov\u00e9 zvedaj\u00ed varovn\u011b prst.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a528eab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a528eab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pod\u00edvejte se na zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 video, kter\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed pop\u00ed\u0161e.,<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e99e49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"1e99e49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/3aLj1WmzL98&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde2a11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cde2a11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"6\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>\u017divotnost Bt.<\/strong><\/h4><p>A\u017e do tohoto okam\u017eiku se to zd\u00e1 celkem fajn, jen\u017ee &#8230;<\/p><p>Pro praktickou aplikaci p\u0159\u00edpravku na b\u00e1zi Bt. je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm parametrem a <strong>pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f limituje<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p><p>Bt. m\u016f\u017ee<strong> za idel\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek<\/strong> v p\u016fd\u011b p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat v p\u016fd\u011b <strong>a\u017e 5 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f<\/strong>, av\u0161ak v prost\u0159ed\u00ed pH &lt;5 (slab\u011b kysel\u00e9) doch\u00e1z\u00ed k rychl\u00e9 degradaci.<\/p><p><strong>Na povrchu<\/strong> p\u016fdy a rostlin vykazuje Bt. malou a\u017e <strong>velmi n\u00edzkou \u017eivotnos<\/strong>t. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm abiotick\u00fdm faktorem ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Bt. na povrchu rostlin je UV slo\u017eka slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. <strong>P\u0159i pln\u00e9m oslun\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Bt. na povrchu o\u0161et\u0159en\u00fdch rostlin pouze n\u011bkolik hodin<\/strong>. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b polovina spor Bt. je inaktivov\u00e1na ji\u017e po 4 hodin\u00e1ch expozice p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu slune\u010dn\u00edmu z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>V prost\u0159ed\u00ed vlhka a tepla v hn\u00edzd\u011b \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee trvanlivost bude v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b jak 3 m\u011bs\u00edce.<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-688d886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"688d886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"7\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi Bt.<\/strong><\/h4><p>Spektrum <strong>pou\u017eit\u00ed je <\/strong>\u0161irok\u00e9:<\/p><ul><li>Bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi kmen\u016f \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch na larvy mot\u00fdl\u016f \u2013 ochrana poln\u00ed zeleniny, bavlny, ovocn\u00fdch v\u00fdsadeb a r\u00e9vy vinn\u00e9, ochrana lesn\u00edch porost\u016f;<\/li><li>Bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi kmen\u016f \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch na larvy dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00e9ho hmyzu \u2013 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 na larvy n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f muchni\u010dek a kom\u00e1r\u016f<\/li><li>Bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi kmen\u016f \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch na larvy n\u011bkter\u00fdch brouk\u016f \u2013 mandelinka bramborov\u00e1, n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy b\u00e1zlivc\u016f a kv\u011btopas\u016f, \u2026<\/li><li>Bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi kmen\u016f \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch na larvy n\u011bkter\u00fdch mot\u00fdl\u016f i brouk\u016f<\/li><\/ul><p>U n\u011bkter\u00fdch kmen\u016f se velmi cen\u00ed <strong>v\u00fdrobci ud\u00e1van\u00e1 &#8222;selektivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost&#8220;<\/strong>, u n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0161irokospektr\u00e1ln\u00ed (mot\u00fdli i brouci).<\/p><p>Nov\u011b konstruovan\u00e9 kmeny vykazuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 nelze naj\u00edt ani p\u0159i monitoringu tis\u00edc\u016f p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch kmen\u016f. Komer\u010dn\u00ed bioprepar\u00e1ty jsou nyn\u00ed \u010dasto koncipovan\u00e9 <strong>na b\u00e1zi geneticky manipulovan\u00fdch kmen\u016f Bt<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 se spokojme s\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulkou, kter\u00e1 <b>popisuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 kmeny BT<\/b> a jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed.\u00a0<strong>V\u0161imn\u011bte si ale toho \u017ee v\u017edy se jedn\u00e1 o p\u016fsoben\u00ed na \u0159\u00e1d, nikoli na druh hmyzu.<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2be6e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2be6e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"mceTemp\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26638 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Pouziti-kmenu-Bt..png\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Pou\u017eit\u00ed kmen\u016f Bt.\" width=\"440\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Pouziti-kmenu-Bt..png 440w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Pouziti-kmenu-Bt.-273x300.png 273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><\/p><ol class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 440px;\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 440px;\">Pou\u017eit\u00ed kmen\u016f Bt.<\/ol><\/li><\/ol><ol id=\"attachment_26638\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 440px;\">Zdroj: Biologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky na b\u00e1zi entomopatogenn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed<\/ol><\/div><div><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div><ul><li><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">Lepidoptera &#8211; mot\u00fdli<\/span><\/li><li>Diptera &#8211; dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00ed<\/li><li>Coleoptera &#8211; brouci<\/li><\/ul><p>Jde o p\u0159\u00edpravky registrovan\u00e9 v \u010cR.<\/p><p><strong>Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka.<\/strong><\/p><p>Snadno dohled\u00e1te informaci o tom, na jak\u00fd <strong>\u0159\u00e1d<\/strong> hmyzu je dan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd, n\u011bkdy na jak\u00fd <strong>druh.<\/strong> To ale <strong>nic ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1, jak \u00fa\u010dinkuje na jin\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dy a tak\u00e9 to nen\u00ed garance, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy hmyzu jsou proti n\u011bmu rezistentn\u00ed<\/strong>. <br \/>Z\u00a0principu je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edpravek funguje jako <strong>insekticid alespo\u0148 v r\u00e1mci \u0159\u00e1du hmyzu ale na druh ho nelze zac\u00edlit<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Z\u00e1jmem v\u00fdrobc\u016f je toti\u017e likvidovat &#8222;\u0161kodliv\u00fd hmyz&#8220; a ten &#8222;ostatn\u00ed&#8220; nen\u00ed v centru pozornosti jejich z\u00e1jmu.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07150fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07150fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na videu vid\u00edte p\u0159\u00edklady komer\u010dn\u00edho pou\u017eit\u00ed\u00a0 Bt.\u00a0 Bohu\u017eel se tam <strong>nehovo\u0159\u00ed o negativn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch<\/strong>. V\u0161e je optimistick\u00e9, proto\u017ee to opravu<strong> funguje, ale ne \u00fapln\u011b selektivn\u011b,<\/strong> tedy na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed &#8222;\u0161kodliv\u00fd hmyz&#8220;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abf1344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"abf1344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/nNWWIzBVqRA&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-230e7ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"230e7ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/gKcBqc_J2BM&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3de81f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3de81f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"8\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Jsou p\u0159\u00edpravky s Bt. a jeho toxiny opravdu bezpe\u010dn\u00e9?<\/strong><\/h4><p>Op\u011bt se tedy ukazuje, \u017ee nic nen\u00ed tak \u010dernob\u00edl\u00e9\u2026.<\/p><p>Bioprepar\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi Bt. vykazuj\u00ed velmi n\u00edzkou akutn\u00ed nebo chronickou toxicitu v\u016f\u010di teplokrevn\u00fdm \u017eivo\u010dich\u016fm. Iritace k\u016f\u017ee je zcela zanedbateln\u00e1 a jen m\u00edrn\u011b irituj\u00ed p\u0159i inhalaci. \u00da\u010dinek na o\u010di je v\u00fdrazn\u011b dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00fd. Nebylo pozorov\u00e1no negativn\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00ed na tr\u00e1ven\u00ed savc\u016f (d\u00e1vky neup\u0159esn\u011bny). Bt. byl testov\u00e1n na 74 druz\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f a 11 druz\u00edch ryb, ani v jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebyl zji\u0161t\u011bn p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd toxick\u00fd efekt.<\/p><p>V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech byl prok\u00e1z\u00e1n negativn\u00ed vliv Bt. (ssp. israelensis) na n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy vodn\u00edch m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f a kor\u00fd\u0161\u016f.<\/p><p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad z\u00e1p\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dek poln\u00ed\u00a0(Plutella xylostella) \u2013 zaj\u00edmav\u00fd mot\u00fdlek (\u0159\u00e1d mot\u00fdli) a v\u00fdznamn\u00fd \u0161k\u016fdce brukvovit\u00e9 zeleniny a \u0159epky, z\u00edskal v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch populac\u00edch <strong>rezistenci na toxiny<\/strong> Bt. To v\u00fdznamn\u011b ohro\u017euje ekologickou produkci, kde klasick\u00e9 insekticidy nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomny. Podobn\u00fd jev se projevil i u hmyzu, napadaj\u00edc\u00ed bavln\u00edk.<\/p><p>V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch existuje pom\u011brn\u011b komplikovan\u00e1 strategie, jak tento probl\u00e9m \u0159e\u0161it a pou\u017eit\u00ed Bt. neomezovat. Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed t\u00e9to strategie je nad r\u00e1mec na\u0161eho textu.<\/p><p>Medi\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, bylo tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee z\u00a0upraven\u00e9 kuku\u0159ice se do okol\u00ed <strong>\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed pyl obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed Bt<\/strong> a ten napad\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho mot\u00fdla monarch (<em>Danaus plexippus<\/em>). Zde prob\u011bhla studie, ale skon\u010dila \u201eplichtou\u201c. Mot\u00fdli na Bt. reaguj\u00ed (jejich housenky), ale dle v\u0161eho ne\u0161lo o p\u0159enos prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pylu z\u00a0geneticky upraven\u00e9 kuku\u0159ice.<\/p><p>Existuje i riziko, \u017ee se<strong> pyl p\u0159enese na jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 rostliny<\/strong> (tr\u00e1vy) a t\u00edm dojde k\u00a0modifikaci i nezem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch rostlin. Toto ale nebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no (mo\u017en\u00e1 ani dostate\u010dn\u011b hled\u00e1no).<\/p><p>Bt. se ale nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen v\u00a0transgenn\u00edch rostlin\u00e1ch (geneticky upraven\u00fdch), ale i ve form\u011b post\u0159iku a pr\u00e1\u0161ku. Bt. je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v\u00a0mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch kmenech. Ty, jak jsme si d\u0159\u00edve \u0159\u00edkali, p\u016fsob\u00ed na jeden a\u017e dva \u0159\u00e1dy hmyzu. Tedy pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161iroce. \u0158\u00e1d znamen\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad blanok\u0159\u00eddl\u00ed, nebo mot\u00fdli.<\/p><p><strong>Dle v\u0161eho a z\u00a0principu nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it kmen, kter\u00fd by p\u016fsobil jen na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed druh hmyzu. Riziko negativn\u00edho p\u016fsoben\u00ed tedy existuje.<\/strong> P\u0159\u00edroda toti\u017e nerozli\u0161uje hmyz na \u0161kodliv\u00fd a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd, to je \u010dist\u011b lidsk\u00e9 hledisko.<\/p><p>Jako p\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0 negativn\u00edho p\u016fsoben\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme vzpomenout plo\u0161nou aplikaci Bt. na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 plodiny ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku. Shodou okolnost\u00ed v\u00edtr odnesl mrak p\u0159\u00edpravku na lokalitu vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch druh\u016f mot\u00fdl\u016f, kterou kompletn\u011b zdecimoval&#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22c079e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22c079e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26762\" style=\"width: 497px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26762\" class=\"wp-image-26762 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Mrtve-housenky-motylu-Foto-Internet.jpeg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Mrtv\u00e9 housenky mot\u00fdl\u016f - Foto Internet\" width=\"487\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Mrtve-housenky-motylu-Foto-Internet.jpeg 487w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Mrtve-housenky-motylu-Foto-Internet-292x300.jpeg 292w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26762\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mrtv\u00e9 housenky mot\u00fdl\u016f &#8211; ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto<br \/>Foto: Internet<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c3641f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c3641f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"9\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Bt. a v\u010dely, tedy i \u010dmel\u00e1ci<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>V\u010dely<\/strong>, tedy <strong>\u010dmel\u00e1ci<\/strong>, stejn\u011b jako <strong>v\u010dely medonosn\u00e9<\/strong>&nbsp; i <strong>samot\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u010dely<\/strong>, jsou v modern\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed intenzivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ni k opylov\u00e1n\u00ed a pln\u00ed z<strong>\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m ekosyst\u00e9mu<\/strong>. Oba pat\u0159\u00ed do r\u00e1du <strong>blanok\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch<\/strong> (Hymenotera) a rodu <strong>v\u010delovit\u00ed<\/strong> (Apidae).&nbsp;Proto se sleduj\u00ed rizika pou\u017eit\u00ed Bt. na tyto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 opylovatele.<\/p>\n<p>Od roku 2007 je zn\u00e1m fenom\u00e9n zvan\u00fd Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) \u2013 <strong>n\u00e1hl\u00fd kolaps v\u010del\u00edho roje<\/strong>. Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed spekulace o mo\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch se pohybovaly od pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f a pesticid\u016f., tak\u00e9 k pou\u017eit\u00ed Bt rezistentn\u00edch transgenn\u00edch plodin. V\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 skupina nazvan\u00e1 Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium publikovala 27. 3. 2007 zpr\u00e1vu, kter\u00e1 nena\u0161la \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee pyl z Bt plodin nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovliv\u0148uje v\u010dely. CCD se od t\u00e9 doby <strong>p\u0159ipisuje nov\u00e9mu viru<\/strong>, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s&nbsp;Bt. plodinami.<\/p>\n<p>V&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00ed studii, bylo provedeno <strong>hodnocen\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch rizik Bt. <\/strong>pro reprodukci koloni\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed potravy u <strong>d\u011blnic \u010dmel\u00e1ka zemn\u00edho Bombus terrestris<\/strong>. Jednalo se o pou\u017eit\u00ed laboratorn\u00edch mikrokoloni\u00ed \u2013 ne\u00fapln\u00fdch hn\u00edzd. Byly pou\u017eity dva komer\u010dn\u00ed Bt. kmeny: kurstaki a aizawai.&nbsp; Studie a jej\u00ed podm\u00ednky jsou zaj\u00edmav\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u00edvejme se ale jen na <strong>v\u00fdsledky<\/strong>:&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P\u0159i aplikaci Bt. na pyl, v&nbsp;koncentraci 0,1 %, nebyl pozorov\u00e1n dopad na jedince \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i aplikaci v&nbsp;nektaru (roztok cukru) v\u0161ak aizawai zabil v\u0161echny d\u011blnice v koncentraci 0,1 %. Ne\u0161kodn\u00fd byl a\u017e v koncentraci 0,01 %.<\/li>\n<li>Kdy\u017e se sledovaly reproduk\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky (larvy), nebyly u kmene kurstaki pozorov\u00e1ny negativn\u00ed efekty. Kmen aizawai v&nbsp;nektaru a pylu p\u0159i koncentraci 0,1 % sn\u00ed\u017eil reprodukci o 100\u201331 %.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z&nbsp;toho se d\u00e1 dovodit, \u017ee Bt. kmen kurstaki je v&nbsp;uveden\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch pro \u010dmel\u00e1ky ne\u0161kodn\u00fd. Auto\u0159i studie ale uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee by bylo nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st studii a sledovat tam p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m kmeny Bt. a jejich koncentrace. Tzn. studie by m\u011bla pokra\u010dovat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pov\u0161imn\u011bte si ale, \u017ee Bt. kmen aizawai by m\u011bl p\u016fsobit jen na \u0159\u00e1d mot\u00fdl\u016f (Lepidoptera)<\/strong>. Zde se ale prok\u00e1zaly n<strong>egativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky na z\u00e1stupce jin\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du blanok\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch (Hymenoptera)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Bt. jako takov\u00fd tedy m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159i \u0161patn\u00e9 palikaci zab\u00edjet dosp\u011blce \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f, stejn\u011b jako jeho larvy.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0550297 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0550297\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"#\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26737\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26737\" class=\"wp-image-26737\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Mrtvi-cmelaci-Foto-The-New-York-Times.jpg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Mrtv\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1ci - Foto The New York Times\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Mrtvi-cmelaci-Foto-The-New-York-Times.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Mrtvi-cmelaci-Foto-The-New-York-Times-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Mrtvi-cmelaci-Foto-The-New-York-Times-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26737\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mrtv\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1ci<br \/>Foto: The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adbd27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adbd27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"10\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Bt. a jeho kmeny p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 v&nbsp;komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00fdch &nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpravc\u00edch na trhu v&nbsp;\u010cR<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Na trhu v&nbsp;\u010cR je \u0159ada p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Bt. Zde se pod\u00edvejme na n\u011bkter\u00e9 z&nbsp;nich, kter\u00e9 jsme sledovali.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h5><strong>B401 \u2013 \u201eP\u0159\u00edpravek proti zav\u00edje\u010di voskov\u00e9mu\u201c<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><em>Pou\u017eit\u00fd kmen:<\/em> Bt. aizawai<\/p>\n<p><em>Popis:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tento p\u0159\u00edpravek pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u010dela\u0159i po medobran\u00ed, na uskladn\u011bn\u00e9 sou\u0161e jako obranu proti zav\u00edje\u010de voskov\u00e9ho&nbsp;(Galleria mellonella). To je drobn\u00fd&nbsp;mot\u00fdl&nbsp;z rodu&nbsp;zav\u00edje\u010dovit\u00fdch. Jde o b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho&nbsp;\u0161k\u016fdce&nbsp;ve&nbsp;v\u010dela\u0159sk\u00fdch provozech. Jeho hladov\u00e9 larvy se pou\u0161t\u00ed do sou\u0161\u00ed (vosku), v\u010delami neobsazen\u00e9ho d\u00edla, ale i do dal\u0161\u00edch d\u00edl\u016f \u00falk\u016f, v\u010d povrchu d\u0159eva. Dok\u00e1\u017ee str\u00e1vit dokonce i&nbsp;polyethylen, jeden z nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch&nbsp;plast\u016f.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Bt. napad\u00e1 larvy, neohro\u017euje dosp\u011blce (mot\u00fdly). Ochrana sou\u0161e (voskov\u00e9 pl\u00e1stve bez medu a plodu) pak je \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a\u017e do nasazen\u00ed r\u00e1mk\u016f b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed sezony. Vhodn\u00e9 na roj\u00e1ky nebo pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 \u00faly. T\u00edm se dos\u00e1hne toho, \u017ee larva zav\u00edje\u010de nelikviduje uskladn\u011bn\u00e9 d\u00edly \u00falku.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edpravek se dod\u00e1v\u00e1 ve form\u011b roztoku, nutno \u0159edit a rychle spot\u0159ebovat<\/li>\n<li>V&nbsp;n\u00e1vodu se do\u010dtete, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edpravek je \u201ene\u0161kodn\u00fd pro \u010dlov\u011bka a v\u010dely\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>N\u00e1\u0161 koment\u00e1\u0159:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bt. kmen aizawai by m\u011bl b\u00fdt zam\u011b\u0159en na \u0159\u00e1d Mot\u00fdli (Lepidoptera). Ze studie ale v\u00edme, \u017ee oba kmeny kurstaki a aizawai <strong>p\u016fsob\u00ed<\/strong> i na \u0159\u00e1d blakon\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch (Hymenoptera), tedy i <strong>na v\u010dely a \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><b>&nbsp;<\/b><\/div>\n<div>\n<h5><strong>Lepinox Plus \u2013 \u201eselektivn\u00ed biologick\u00fd insekticid proti housenk\u00e1m \u0161kodliv\u00fdch mot\u00fdl\u016f\u201c<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><em>Pou\u017eit\u00fd kmen:<\/em> Bt. kmen kurstaki EG 2348<\/p>\n<p><em>Popis:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insekticidn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravek, kter\u00fd obsahuje bakterii&nbsp;Bt. Tato bakterie produkuje protein, kter\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed specificky proti housenk\u00e1m mot\u00fdl\u016f (zav\u00edje\u010d zimostr\u00e1zov\u00fd, obale\u010di, p\u00ed\u010falky, makadlovka&nbsp;Tuta absoluta, \u010dernop\u00e1ska bavln\u00edkov\u00e1, b\u011bl\u00e1sek zeln\u00fd a dal\u0161\u00ed)<\/li>\n<li>Podm\u00ednkou dobr\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti je intenzivn\u00ed \u017e\u00edr housenek a vysok\u00e9 pokryt\u00ed listov\u00e9 plochy post\u0159ikovou kapalinou v\u010detn\u011b spodn\u00ed strany list\u016f. Je t\u0159eba, aby larvy p\u0159ijaly produkt spolu s potravou, aby byly infikov\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<li>Bakterie naru\u0161\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00ed \u00fastroj\u00ed housenky a zp\u016fsob\u00ed jeho ochromen\u00ed. Po poz\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravku housenka p\u0159estane b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek minut \u017er\u00e1t a b\u011bhem dvou dn\u016f hyne.&nbsp;Tento p\u0159\u00edpravek nep\u016fsob\u00ed na dosp\u011blce mot\u00fdl\u016f ani na jin\u00e9 \u0161k\u016fdce.<\/li>\n<li>Dle v\u00fdrobce je \u201epro v\u010dely relativn\u011b ne\u0161kodn\u00fd\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edpravek je hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n na zahrad\u00e1ch k&nbsp;likvidaci larev (housenek) zav\u00edje\u010de&nbsp;zimostr\u00e1zov\u00e9ho&nbsp;(Cydalima perspectalis), kter\u00e1 likviduje okrasn\u00e9 ke\u0159e zimostr\u00e1zu (buxus).<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edpravek je dod\u00e1v\u00e1n ve form\u011b sm\u00e1\u010div\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku ur\u010den\u00e9ho k&nbsp;rozm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed v&nbsp;pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 koncentraci dle n\u00e1vodu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>N\u00e1\u0161 koment\u00e1\u0159:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bt. kmen kurstaki by m\u011bl b\u00fdt zam\u011b\u0159en na \u0159\u00e1d Mot\u00fdli (Lepidoptera). Ze studie ale v\u00edme, \u017ee oba kmeny kmeny kurstaki a aizawai <strong>p\u016fsob\u00ed<\/strong> i na \u0159\u00e1d blanok\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch (Hymenoptera), tedy i <strong>na v\u010dely a \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/strong> , by\u0165 by m\u011blo j\u00edt o koncentrace nad 0,1%<\/li>\n<li>Na n\u00e1\u0161 <strong>dotaz, zda-li tento p\u0159\u00edpravek \u00fa\u010dinkuje na zav\u00edje\u010de cizopasn\u00e9ho, odpov\u011bd\u011bl v\u00fdrobce \u017ee nikoli<\/strong>. Na\u0161e zku\u0161enosti ale <strong>ukazuj\u00ed , \u017ee ano<\/strong>. Toto n\u00e1s utvrzuje v tom, \u017ee <strong>v\u00fdrobce testuje \u00fa\u010dinek jen n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy hmyzu a testy na ostatn\u00edch druz\u00edch neprov\u00e1d\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9761054 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9761054\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" id=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-68d7dbf\" data-id=\"68d7dbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9767ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9767ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26670\" style=\"width: 501px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26670\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26670\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-B401-e1647688735227.jpg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - P\u0159\u00edpravek B401\" width=\"491\" height=\"655\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-B401-e1647688735227.jpg 491w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-B401-e1647688735227-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26670\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">P\u0159\u00edpravek B401<br \/>Zdroj: V\u00fdrobce<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5762160\" data-id=\"5762160\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4fa2e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4fa2e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_26672\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26672\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26672\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Lepinox-Zdroj-vyrobce.jpg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Lepinox Plus - Zdroj v\u00fdrobce\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Lepinox-Zdroj-vyrobce.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Lepinox-Zdroj-vyrobce-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Lepinox-Zdroj-vyrobce-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cmelaci-PLUS-Lepinox-Zdroj-vyrobce-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26672\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lepinox Plus<br \/>Zdroj: V\u00fdrobce<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-388c82e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"388c82e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"11\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00ed Bt. v souboji s se zav\u00edje\u010dem cizopasn\u00fdm (Aphomia sociella)<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>Te\u010f to asi bude kone\u010dn\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny<\/strong> \u2026<\/p><p>Nyn\u00ed u\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee <strong>aby Bt. zabil housenky zav\u00edje\u010de, mus\u00ed se dostat do st\u0159eva jeho larev<\/strong>, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tedy <strong>poz\u0159eny<\/strong> <strong>spory<\/strong>.<strong> Kontakt s\u00a0t\u011blem housenky spory neaktivuje<\/strong>.<\/p><p>D\u00e1le v\u00edme, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edpravky s\u00a0Bt.<strong> maj\u00ed omezenou \u017eivotnost<\/strong> a d\u00e1le, \u017ee mohou<strong> v ur\u010dit\u00e9 koncentraci \u0161kodit jedinc\u016fm \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f i jejich larv\u00e1m<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p><h5><strong>1. Aplikace B401 v \u00falc\u00edch pro \u010dmel\u00e1ky<\/strong><\/h5><p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed chovatel\u00e9 se nejprve vrhli na p\u0159\u00edpravek B401. V\u011bt\u0161inou ho aplikovali tak, jak si mysleli, \u017ee to nejlep\u0161\u00ed <strong>&#8211; nast\u0159\u00edkali v\u00fdstelku a tu pak su\u0161ili<\/strong>, aby ji mohli pou\u017e\u00edt v \u00falku. T\u00edm nejsp\u00ed\u0161<strong> do\u0161lo k degradaci \u00fa\u010dinnosti p\u0159\u00edpravku<\/strong>, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i su\u0161en\u00ed na slunci.\u00a0<strong>V\u00fdsledky pou\u017eit\u00ed\u00a0 jsou nepr\u016fkazn\u00e9.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>P\u0159\u00edpravek jako takov\u00fd by m\u011bl b\u00fdt<strong> funk\u010dn\u00ed na zav\u00edje\u010de,<\/strong> tedy \u0159\u00e1d Mot\u00fdli (Lepidoptera) \u010deled zav\u00edje\u010dovit\u00ed (Pyralidae) a jejich rody v\u010detn\u011b <strong>zav\u00edje\u010de voskov\u00e9ho<\/strong> (Galleria mellonella) a tedy i <strong>zav\u00edje\u010de cizopasn\u00e9ho<\/strong> (Aphmoia sociella).\u00a0\u00a0Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pou\u017eit\u00fd Bt. kmen aizawai<strong> nen\u00ed po \u010dmel\u00e1ky vhodn\u00fd<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>ji\u017e p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch p\u016fsob\u00ed negativn\u011b jak na dosp\u011blce, tak na larvy<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Hledali jsme n\u011bjakou studii, kter\u00e1 by bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravku B401 v\u00a0praxi chovu \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f prok\u00e1zala. M\u016f\u017eeme ale pou\u017e\u00edt jen <strong>vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti<\/strong>, kde skute\u010dn\u011b aplikace B401 na hn\u00edzdo napaden\u00e9 zav\u00edje\u010dem zlikvidovala zav\u00edje\u010de, ale do\u0161lo k\u00a0\u00fahynu d\u011blnic i plodu.<\/p><p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed chovatel\u00e9 tento p\u0159\u00edpravek pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. V\u00edme ale, \u017ee <strong>jde o zku\u0161en\u00e9 chovatele, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed \u00falky<\/strong>. To \u017ee jsou<strong> jejich hn\u00edzda bez zav\u00edje\u010de p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me sp\u00ed\u0161 tomu, \u017ee se tam zav\u00edje\u010d nedostane<\/strong>. Negativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky na \u010dmel\u00e1ky nepozorovali.<\/p><p><strong>Aplikace p\u0159\u00edpravku post\u0159ikem v\u00fdstelky ale z\u00a0principu ned\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl<\/strong>\u2013 spory mus\u00ed b\u00fdt poz\u0159eny, a to post\u0159ikem v\u00fdstelky nelze zajistit. Post\u0159ik voskov\u00e9ho d\u00edla nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd, viz p\u016fsoben\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravku na \u010dmel\u00e1ky.<\/p><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5><strong>2. P\u0159\u00edpravek \u201epana Fischera\u201c<\/strong><\/h5><p>Tento p\u0159\u00edpravek na b\u00e1zi Bt. kmene kurstaki dod\u00e1val p\u0159\u00edmo autor. P\u0159\u00edpravek je dokonce registrov\u00e1n jako <a href=\"https:\/\/isdv.upv.cz\/doc\/FullFiles\/UtilityModels\/FullDocuments\/FDUM0033\/uv033011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">u\u017eitn\u00fd vzor<\/a>. D\u00e1le ho <strong>dod\u00e1val jeden zn\u00e1m\u00fd komer\u010dn\u00ed prodejce<\/strong>. Ten ho <strong>aplikoval v\u00fdstelku a tu prod\u00e1val<\/strong>.<\/p><p>P\u0159\u00edpravek obsahoval i dal\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eky, jako v\u00fdta\u017eek z levandule l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 (Lavandula angustifolia) a v\u00fdta\u017eek bedrn\u00edku an\u00fdzu (Pimpinella anisum).<\/p><p>Ov\u011b\u0159ovali jsem v\u00fdsledky s chovateli, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravek bu\u010fto kupovali a aplikovali, nebo kupovali p\u0159\u00edpravkem upravenou v\u00fdstelku. <strong>V\u00fdsledky byly nepr\u016fkazn\u00e9<\/strong>, proto\u017ee i nad\u00e1le doch\u00e1zelo k napaden\u00ed hn\u00edzd zav\u00edje\u010dem cizopasn\u00fdm.<\/p><p>\u00dasp\u011b\u0161nost p\u0159\u00edpravku znehodnocovala komer\u010dn\u00ed aplikace u prodejce. Ta se prov\u00e1d\u011bla s\u00a0p\u0159edstihem a tam doch\u00e1zelo bu\u010fto k\u00a0nekvalitn\u00ed aplikaci, nebo k\u00a0degradaci p\u0159\u00edpravku v\u00a0\u010dase, nebo p\u0159i su\u0161en\u00ed. Zde dle v\u0161eho do\u0161lo degradaci.<\/p><p><strong>Aplikace p\u0159\u00edpravku post\u0159ikem v\u00fdstelky ale z\u00a0principu ned\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl<\/strong>\u2013 spory mus\u00ed b\u00fdt poz\u0159eny, a to post\u0159ikem v\u00fdstelky nelze zajistit. M\u00e1me tak\u00e9 potvrzeno, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edpravek neposkytoval dobr\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky ani p\u0159i aplikaci p\u0159\u00edmo na voskov\u00e9 d\u00edlo.<\/p><h5><strong>3. Lepinox Plus<\/strong><\/h5><p>Relativn\u011b nov\u011b byly provedeny jednoduch\u00e9 chovatelsk\u00e9 testy s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravkem Lepinox PLUS. Na p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd dotaz n\u00e1m v\u00fdrobce potvrdil, \u017ee tento p\u0159\u00edpravek nelze na zav\u00edje\u010de cizopasn\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edt.<\/p><p>Na\u0161e testy ale ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee <strong>spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 aplikace tohoto p\u0159\u00edpravku m\u00e1 pozitivn\u00ed v\u00fdsledk<\/strong>y.<\/p><p>Testovali jsme hn\u00edzda napaden\u00e1 zav\u00edje\u010dem. Zde do\u0161lo v\u017edy alespo\u0148 k\u00a0redukci\/likvidaci larev zav\u00edje\u010de a hn\u00edzdo aplikaci Lepinoxem p\u0159est\u00e1lo. Toto pou\u017eit\u00ed se n\u00e1m zd\u00e1lo b\u00fdt vhodn\u00e9, by\u0165 mo\u017en\u00e1 pracn\u00e9 pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky<\/p><p><strong>Netestovali jsme preventivn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 testy nejsou pr\u016fkazn\u00e9 \u2013 spory Bt. mus\u00ed b\u00fdt poz\u0159eny.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-63c1b54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"63c1b54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8162e5a\" data-id=\"8162e5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c40aa60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c40aa60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_11604\" style=\"width: 1210px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11604\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11604\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zavijec-cizopasnyAphomia-sociella-Foto-Wikipedia-1.jpg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd (Aphomia sociella)\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zavijec-cizopasnyAphomia-sociella-Foto-Wikipedia-1.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zavijec-cizopasnyAphomia-sociella-Foto-Wikipedia-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zavijec-cizopasnyAphomia-sociella-Foto-Wikipedia-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zavijec-cizopasnyAphomia-sociella-Foto-Wikipedia-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11604\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd (Aphomia sociella)<br \/>Foto Wikipedia<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f94f098\" data-id=\"f94f098\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a69994 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a69994\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"attachment_6875\" style=\"width: 1510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6875\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6875\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Cmelaci_PLUS_Zavijec_cizopasny_Aphomia_sociella_napadene_hnizdo.jpg\" alt=\"\u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS - Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd (Aphomia sociella) - hn\u00edzdo napaden\u00e9 zav\u00edje\u010dem\" width=\"1500\" height=\"843\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Cmelaci_PLUS_Zavijec_cizopasny_Aphomia_sociella_napadene_hnizdo.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Cmelaci_PLUS_Zavijec_cizopasny_Aphomia_sociella_napadene_hnizdo-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Cmelaci_PLUS_Zavijec_cizopasny_Aphomia_sociella_napadene_hnizdo-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Cmelaci_PLUS_Zavijec_cizopasny_Aphomia_sociella_napadene_hnizdo-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Cmelaci_PLUS_Zavijec_cizopasny_Aphomia_sociella_napadene_hnizdo-1232x692.jpg 1232w, https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Cmelaci_PLUS_Zavijec_cizopasny_Aphomia_sociella_napadene_hnizdo-1320x742.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-6875\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd (Aphomia sociella) &#8211; hn\u00edzdo napaden\u00e9 zav\u00edje\u010dem<br \/>Foto O. Hercog (2017)<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2be535c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2be535c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"12\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Jak \u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS doporu\u010duj\u00ed aplikovat p\u0159\u00edpravek s Bt. proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9mu<\/strong><\/h4><div><p>S\u00a0ohledem na v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed Bt., jeho vlastnosti a na\u0161e testy, navrhujeme n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed principy aplikace p\u0159\u00edpravku proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9mu (Aphomia sociella).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Materi\u00e1l<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Z\u00a0dostupn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f na trhu \u010cR se pro praktickou aplikaci hod\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravek Lepinox PLUS\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Aplikujte p\u0159\u00edpravek j<strong>en tehdy, kdy je hn\u00edzdo napadnuto \u2013 nikoli preventivn\u011b<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Napaden\u00edm<\/strong> se rozum\u00ed: <br \/>a) matka zav\u00edje\u010de byla <strong>nalezena v\u00a0\u00falku<\/strong><br \/>b) p\u0159i kontrole jste zjistili <strong>p\u0159\u00edtomnost larev zav\u00edje\u010de v\u00a0hn\u00edzd\u011b<\/strong>, nebo jejich stopy (otvory v\u00a0kokonech, vl\u00e1kna zav\u00edje\u010de, zakuklen\u00ed larvy, \u2026) <br \/><strong>Popis kontrol<\/strong> najdete <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/kontroly-hnizda-v-ulku\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ZDE<\/a><\/li><li>Aplikujte p\u0159\u00edpravek tehdy, kdy\u017e zachra\u0148ujete <strong>otev\u0159en\u00e9 nebo rozhraban\u00e9 hn\u00edzdo<\/strong> , nap\u0159\u00edklad v r\u00e1mci akce <strong>\u010cmel\u00e1\u010d\u00ed Rychl\u00e9 Roty<\/strong><\/li><li>Napaden\u00e9 hn\u00edzdo o\u010dist\u011bte postupem <a href=\"http:\/\/viz ZDE https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/zavijec-cizopasny-a-chov-cmelaku\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wplink-url-error=\"true\">ZDE\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li>Pot\u00e9 posypte (pocukrujte) <strong>trochou p\u0159\u00edpravku v\u00fdstelku na m\u00edst\u011b, kde bude um\u00edst\u011bno voskov\u00e9 d\u00edlo hn\u00edzd<\/strong>a a stejn\u011b tak jeho <strong>bl\u00edzk\u00e9 okol\u00ed<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>O\u0161et\u0159ete spodn\u00ed stranu voskov\u00e9ho d\u00edla<\/strong> \u2013 s v\u00fdhodou lze vyu\u017e\u00edt<strong> jemn\u00fd \u0161t\u011btec<\/strong> a voskov\u00e9 d\u00edlo ze spodn\u00ed strany \u201e<strong>napudrovat<\/strong>\u201c<\/li><li><strong>Na jin\u00e1 m\u00edsta p\u0159\u00edpravek neaplikujte<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Aplikujte jen nezbytn\u011b nutn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravku<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Neaplikujte p\u0159\u00edpravek do z\u00e1sobnic s potravou<\/strong><\/li><li>Neaplikujte p\u0159\u00edpravek na voskov\u00e9 d\u00edlo nebo na na larvy \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f \u2013 <strong>vyhn\u011bte se posyp\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00edla p\u0159\u00edpravkem<\/strong>!<\/li><li><strong>Hn\u00edzdo po aplikaci kontrolujte<\/strong>, aplikaci p\u0159\u00edpravku m\u016f\u017eete po 10-14 dnech <strong>zopakovat<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 je to pro chovatele p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed, ale proto jsme psali ob\u0161\u00edrn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek a <b>vysv\u011btlovali rizika. <\/b>Zde je uv\u00e1d\u00edme <strong>v<\/strong> <b>souhrnu jako vysv\u011btlen\u00ed.<\/b><\/p><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><strong>Ned\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl aplikovat p\u0159\u00edpravek preventivn\u011b \u2013 rozsyp na v\u00fdstelku, sm\u00edsen\u00ed s v\u00fdstelkou atd.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed:<\/em><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>\u017eivotnost p\u0159\u00edpravku je omezena \u010dasov\u011b odhadem na 2-3 m\u011bs\u00edce v prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u00falku.<\/em><\/li><li><em>zav\u00edje\u010d se objevuje a\u017e v tepl\u00fdch noc\u00edch od kv\u011btna d\u00e1l<\/em><\/li><li><em>pokud chovatel aplikuje p\u0159\u00edpravek preventivn\u011b na za\u010d\u00e1tku sez\u00f3ny, v dob\u011b aktivace zav\u00edje\u010de je \u00fa\u010dinnost p\u0159\u00edpravku v\u00fdznamn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eena<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Ned\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl aplikovat p\u0159\u00edpravek na celou v\u00fdstelku<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed:<\/em><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>matka zav\u00edje\u010de se sna\u017e\u00ed nakl\u00e1st vaj\u00ed\u010dka na voskov\u00e9 d\u00edlo, do v\u00fdstelky, nebo na jej\u00ed povrch<\/em><\/li><li><em>matka zav\u00edje\u010de nep\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 potravu a kontakt s Bt. j\u00ed nevad\u00ed, nav\u00edc brzy po kladen\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dek sama um\u00edr\u00e1<\/em><\/li><li><em>larvy zav\u00edje\u010de mus\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravek poz\u0159\u00edt. Proto\u017ee se larvy nekrm\u00ed v\u00fdstelkou, Bt. z n\u00ed nepoz\u0159ou.<\/em><\/li><li><em>v po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed f\u00e1zi se larvy zav\u00edje\u010de krm\u00ed zbytky a odpadem z hn\u00edzda \u2013 ukr\u00fdvaj\u00ed se pod hn\u00edzdem<\/em><\/li><li><em>larvy zav\u00edje\u010de napadaj\u00ed voskov\u00e9 d\u00edlo ze spodn\u00ed strany a pak jim proch\u00e1zej\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d, m\u00e1lokdy z horn\u00ed strany<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><strong>P\u0159\u00edtomnost v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed Bt. v hn\u00edzd\u011b p\u0159edstavuje riziko pro \u010dmel\u00e1ky\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed:<\/em><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>\u010dmel\u00e1ci p\u0159i pohybu hn\u00edzdem se dostanou do kontaktu s Bt. a mohou ho zan\u00e9st do d\u00edla i potravy<\/em><\/li><li><em>bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 koncentrace Bt. kmene kurstaki se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b dosa\u017eiteln\u00e1, ale mo\u017en\u00e1<\/em><\/li><li><em>\u010dmel\u00e1ci mohou na t\u011ble p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et spory Bt. do z\u00e1sobnic, nebo ho p\u0159i \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9ho t\u011bla poz\u0159\u00edt<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Nevhodn\u00e1 aplikace p\u0159\u00edpravku m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159\u00edmo ohrozit hn\u00edzdo \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>i kdy\u017e dle v\u0161eho nelze dos\u00e1hnout kritick\u00e9 koncentrace a Bt. se m\u016f\u017ee do \u00falku dostat i p\u0159irozenou cestou, p\u0159\u00edtomnost zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace ohro\u017euje hn\u00edzdo<\/em><\/li><li><em>tohoto stavu chovatel dos\u00e1hne p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i preventivn\u00ed aplikaci p\u0159\u00edpravku, nebo nevhodnou aplikac\u00ed (posyp d\u00edla)<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Aplikace p\u0159\u00edpravku m\u016f\u017ee ohrozit i dal\u0161\u00ed hmyz v okol\u00ed hn\u00edzda<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>\u010cmel\u00e1ci mohou na t\u011ble p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et spory Bt. na kv\u011bty a zde ohrozit housenky mot\u00fdl\u016f (op\u011bt nutn\u00e9 poz\u0159en\u00ed, ale tomu se ned\u00e1 zabr\u00e1nit)<\/em><\/li><li><em>P\u0159\u00edpravky s Bt. nejsou natolik selektivn\u00ed, aby se negativn\u00edmu p\u016fsoben\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed hmyz zabr\u00e1nilo<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6c1aa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6c1aa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"13\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011br a shrnut\u00ed<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Problematika Bt. je skute\u010dn\u011b \u0161irok\u00e1, a to jsme ji pro\u0161li jen okrajov\u011b. Bt. je pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n \u010dlov\u011bkem, ve snaze vyu\u017e\u00edt <strong>jeho zd\u00e1nliv\u011b ekologick\u00e9 insekticidn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky<\/strong>. <b>Proti klasick\u00e9 chemii je to lep\u0161\u00ed, ale mo\u017en\u00e1 i ten neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fd pocit \u0161etrnosti je \u0161patn\u00fd.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P\u0159esto\u017ee je Bt.&nbsp; prezentov\u00e1n jako selektivn\u00ed,&nbsp;<b>nep\u016fsob\u00ed jen na c\u00edlov\u00fd hmyz<\/b>, <strong>m\u016f\u017ee zab\u00edjet i jin\u00fd hmyz<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u017divotnost<\/strong> spor\u016f Bt. v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpravc\u00edch je <strong>\u010dasov\u011b omezena<\/strong>. Pokud je ap<strong>likov\u00e1n preventivn\u011b na po\u010d\u00e1tku sez\u00f3ny<\/strong>, v&nbsp;dob\u011b v\u00fdskytu zav\u00edje\u010de je jeho <strong>\u00fa\u010dinnost v\u00fdznamn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eena<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K aktivaci p\u0159\u00edpravku (sporu<\/strong>) dojde ale jen poz\u0159en\u00edm,&nbsp; nikoli kontaktem s povrchem t\u011bla larvy\/dosp\u011blce hmyzu.<\/li>\n<li><b>Neaplikujte tedy p\u0159\u00edpravek preventivn\u011b<\/b> \u2013 ned\u00e1v\u00e1 to smysl a m\u016f\u017eete ohrozit \u010dmel\u00e1ky i p\u0159\u00edrodu. I tehdy je pot\u0159eba minimalizovat mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravku.<\/li>\n<li>Pokud chcete pou\u017e\u00edt Bt, pou\u017e\u00edt<strong> proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9m (Aphomia sociella)<\/strong>, aplikujte p\u0159\u00edpravek <strong>jen tehdy, pokud je hn\u00edzdo napadeno<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aplikace p\u0159\u00edpravku s Bt. by nem\u011bla nahradit b\u011b\u017enou p\u00e9\u010di hn\u00edzdo v \u00falku.<\/strong> <br>Pokud se chovatel spolehne na to, \u017ee jeho p\u0159\u00edpravek hn\u00edzdo ochr\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k napaden\u00ed hn\u00edzda zav\u00edje\u010dem, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edpravek nefunguje spolehliv\u011b jako prevence. Sou\u010dasn\u011b <strong>mohou chovateli uniknout jin\u00e9 probl\u00e9my<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt po hn\u00edzdo fat\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vyu\u017e\u00edvejte v\u0161echna opat\u0159en\u00ed na ochranu hn\u00edzda<\/strong> p\u0159ed zav\u00edje\u010dem (v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed, t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed, klapka) a sou\u010dasn\u011b i <b>pravideln\u00e9 kontroly.&nbsp;<\/b><br>M\u00e1me z vlastn\u00ed praxe ov\u011b\u0159eno, \u017ee<strong> v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f to jako ochrana proti zav\u00edje\u010di sta\u010d\u00ed a nepot\u0159ebujete pou\u017e\u00edvat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek, kter\u00fd stejn\u011b nen\u00ed 100% spolehliv\u00fd ale sou\u010dasn\u011b&nbsp; ohro\u017euje p\u0159\u00edrodu.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Omezte pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f s Bt. obecn\u011b. Ani ty \u201eekologick\u00e9\u201c nejsou \u00fapln\u011b ekologick\u00e9<\/strong>.<br>Nap\u0159\u00edklad o\u0161et\u0159en\u00edm zimostr\u00e1zu na sv\u00e9 zahrad\u011b m\u016f\u017eete ohrozit \u0159adu jin\u00e9ho hmyzu na sv\u00e9 zahrad a okol\u00ed \u2013 va\u0161e \u010dmel\u00e1ky a v\u010dely nevyj\u00edmaje.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bacillus thuringiensis dobr\u00fd sluha nebo zl\u00fd p\u00e1n Co se zde dozv\u00edte Existuje n\u011bjak\u00fd z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpravek na ochranu \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f proti zav\u00edje\u010di cizopasn\u00e9m\u00a0 Co je to Bacillus thuringiensis alias Bt. Jak Bt. p\u016fsob\u00ed na hmyz Jsou p\u0159\u00edpravky s Bt. bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro p\u0159\u00edrodu Lze p\u0159\u00edpravky s Bt. pou\u017e\u00edt pro p\u0159\u00edrodu? Jak je pou\u017e\u00edt v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b napaden\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edho hn\u00edzda&nbsp;&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":26712,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"wf_page_folders":[23],"class_list":["post-26546","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bacillus thuringiensis &#8211; \u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bacillus thuringiensis proti aphomia sociella b\u00fdv\u00e1 chovateli \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f doporu\u010dov\u00e1n. 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