{"id":358,"date":"2019-11-02T17:46:04","date_gmt":"2019-11-02T17:46:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/?page_id=358"},"modified":"2024-03-18T18:26:41","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T18:26:41","slug":"to-speak-in-the-czech-language-and-dialect","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelak-v-jazyce-ceskem-a-v-nareci\/","title":{"rendered":"Bumblebee in the Czech language and in dialect"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"358\" class=\"elementor elementor-358\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b1f470a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b1f470a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-43bcf317\" data-id=\"43bcf317\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52960def elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52960def\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010cmel\u00e1k nepronikl jen do na\u0161ich srdc\u00ed ale i mluvy <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37784cb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37784cb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b44abe8\" data-id=\"4b44abe8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc6eb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3fbc6eb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13435d67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13435d67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fd33ad6\" data-id=\"2fd33ad6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159c01f elementor-nav-menu__align-start elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-mobile elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-33917 elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"159c01f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;vertical&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-chevron-down&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-vertical e--pointer-background e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-159c01f\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-299\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/proc-je-cmelak-ohrozenym-druhem\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Pro\u010d je \u010dmel\u00e1k ohro\u017een\u00fdm druhem?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/jak-pomahat-cmelakum\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Jak pom\u00e1hat \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016fm<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-301\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/nejbeznejsi-druhy-v-cr\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Druhy \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f a pa\u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f v \u010cR<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/katalog-druhu-druhu-cmeaku-jednoducha-verze-a\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Katalog druh\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f verze A<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31317\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/katalog-druhu-druhu-cmeaku-jednoducha-verze-b\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Katalog druh\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f verze B<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33949\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-hajovy-bombus-lucorum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1k h\u00e1jov\u00fd (Bombus lucorum)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18969\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-lucni-bombus-pratorum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1k lu\u010dn\u00ed (Bombus pratorum)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22983\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-rolni-bombus-pascuorum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1k roln\u00ed  (Bombus pascuorum)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20319\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-skalni-bombus-lapidarius\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1k skaln\u00ed (Bombus lapidarius)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33966\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelak-zemni-bombus-terrestris-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1k zemn\u00ed (Bombus terrestris)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20910\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-pacmelak-panensky-bombus-vestalis\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Pa\u010dmel\u00e1k panensk\u00fd (Bombus vestalis)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38142\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-302\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zivotni-cyklus-cmelaka\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">\u017divotn\u00ed cyklus \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-303\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/jak-to-chodi-ve-cmelacim-hnizde\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Jak to chod\u00ed ve \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edm hn\u00edzd\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7721\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zimovani-cmelacich-matek\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Zimov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edch matek<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4342\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zajimavosti-ze-zivota-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Zaj\u00edmavosti ze \u017eivota \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33991\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/pacmelaci-a-cmelaci\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Pa\u010dmel\u00e1ci a \u010dmel\u00e1ci<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38179\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelak-a-jeho-parazite-a-predatori\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Parazit\u00e9 a pred\u00e1to\u0159i \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11708\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zavijec-cizopasny-a-cmelaci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17659\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zabijacka-vosicka-melittobia-acasta-a-cmelaci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Zabij\u00e1ck\u00e1 vosi\u010dka Melittobia acasta<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11462\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/tuhyci-a-jejich-spizirna\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u0164uh\u00fdci (Laniidae) \u2013 jejich lov a spi\u017e\u00edrny<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38143\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\">===============================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34014\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/lipy-a-casty-nalez-mrtvych-cmelaku-pod-nimi\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Mrtv\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1ci pod lipami<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-373\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelak-v-jazyce-ceskem-a-v-nareci\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">\u010cmel\u00e1k v jazyce \u010desk\u00e9m a v n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-569\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Zp\u011bt na \u00favodn\u00ed str\u00e1nku<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-159c01f\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-299\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/proc-je-cmelak-ohrozenym-druhem\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pro\u010d je \u010dmel\u00e1k ohro\u017een\u00fdm druhem?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/jak-pomahat-cmelakum\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Jak pom\u00e1hat \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016fm<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-301\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/nejbeznejsi-druhy-v-cr\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Druhy \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f a pa\u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f v \u010cR<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/katalog-druhu-druhu-cmeaku-jednoducha-verze-a\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Katalog druh\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f verze A<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31317\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/katalog-druhu-druhu-cmeaku-jednoducha-verze-b\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Katalog druh\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f verze B<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33949\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-hajovy-bombus-lucorum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1k h\u00e1jov\u00fd (Bombus lucorum)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18969\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-lucni-bombus-pratorum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1k lu\u010dn\u00ed (Bombus pratorum)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22983\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-rolni-bombus-pascuorum\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1k roln\u00ed  (Bombus pascuorum)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20319\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-cmelak-skalni-bombus-lapidarius\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1k skaln\u00ed (Bombus lapidarius)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33966\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelak-zemni-bombus-terrestris-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1k zemn\u00ed (Bombus terrestris)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20910\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelaciplus-katalog-druhu-cmelaku-pacmelak-panensky-bombus-vestalis\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pa\u010dmel\u00e1k panensk\u00fd (Bombus vestalis)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38142\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">================================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-302\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zivotni-cyklus-cmelaka\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u017divotn\u00ed cyklus \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-303\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/jak-to-chodi-ve-cmelacim-hnizde\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Jak to chod\u00ed ve \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edm hn\u00edzd\u011b<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7721\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zimovani-cmelacich-matek\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Zimov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1\u010d\u00edch matek<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nmr-administrator nmr-editor nmr-author menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4342\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zajimavosti-ze-zivota-cmelaku\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Zaj\u00edmavosti ze \u017eivota \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33991\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/pacmelaci-a-cmelaci\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pa\u010dmel\u00e1ci a \u010dmel\u00e1ci<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-38179\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelak-a-jeho-parazite-a-predatori\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Parazit\u00e9 a pred\u00e1to\u0159i \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016f<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11708\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zavijec-cizopasny-a-cmelaci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Zav\u00edje\u010d cizopasn\u00fd<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17659\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/zabijacka-vosicka-melittobia-acasta-a-cmelaci\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Zabij\u00e1ck\u00e1 vosi\u010dka Melittobia acasta<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11462\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/tuhyci-a-jejich-spizirna\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u0164uh\u00fdci (Laniidae) \u2013 jejich lov a spi\u017e\u00edrny<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38143\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-sub-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">===============================<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34014\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/lipy-a-casty-nalez-mrtvych-cmelaku-pod-nimi\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Mrtv\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1ci pod lipami<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-373\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/en\/cmelak-v-jazyce-ceskem-a-v-nareci\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u010cmel\u00e1k v jazyce \u010desk\u00e9m a v n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-569\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmelaciplus.cz\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Zp\u011bt na \u00favodn\u00ed str\u00e1nku<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f3d7397\" data-id=\"3f3d7397\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19be0dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19be0dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"http:\/\/nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz\/archiv.php?art=4902\">Odkaz na p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca947c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca947c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1zvy pro v\u010delu a \u010dmel\u00e1ka (\u010dele\u010f Apidae) a vosu a sr\u0161n\u011b (\u010dele\u010f Vespidae) p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v \u010desk\u00fdch n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edch velmi zaj\u00edmavou skupinu s \u0159adou spole\u010dn\u00fdch rys\u016f. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u011b se zde uplat\u0148uje obecn\u00fd s\u00e9mantick\u00fd z\u00e1kon soub\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho form\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje ve v\u00fdznamov\u011b sou\u0159adn\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch slov. Projevuje se to nap\u0159. vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm rodu (<em>\u010dmel\u00e1k, sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>i\u00a0<em>vos\u00a0<\/em>jsou m\u00edsty rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho), d\u00e1le \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpon (nap\u0159.\u00a0<em>-\u00e1k: \u010dmel\u00e1k, sr\u0161\u0148\u00e1k, vos\u00e1k, f\u010del\u00e1k<\/em>) a kone\u010dn\u011b i vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdm p\u0159ech\u00e1zen\u00edm v\u00fdznamu (<em>vos\u00e1k, f\u010del\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>\u2192 \u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018 apod.). Ne\u017e v\u0161ak dosp\u011bjeme k tomuto souborn\u00e9mu zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, bude t\u0159eba p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout n\u00e1zvy pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlena zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165.<\/p><h2><a id=\"172\" name=\"172\"><\/a>1. V\u010cELA (Apis mellifica)<\/h2><p>Nejprost\u0161\u00ed je situace u n\u00e1zv\u016f v\u010dely, pro ni\u017e s Machkem (Etymologick\u00fd slovn\u00edk jazyka \u010desk\u00e9ho a slovensk\u00e9ho, Praha 1957, s. 577) p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me jako praslovansk\u00e9 v\u00fdchodisko podobu\u00a0<em>b\u044c\u010dela,\u00a0<\/em>patrn\u011b ze star\u0161\u00edho\u00a0<em>\u010d\u044cbela.\u00a0<\/em>Jde z\u0159ejm\u011b o slovo zvukomalebn\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 i se slovem\u00a0<em>\u010d\u044cmel\u044c\u00a0<\/em>(viz d\u00e1le). V \u010desk\u00fdch n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edch se podobn\u011b jako v jin\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch vlastn\u011b objevuj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jen r\u016fzn\u00e9 hl\u00e1skov\u00e9 obm\u011bny tohoto slova, jako je jihoz\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9\u00a0<em>f\u010dala, f\u010d\u00e1la,\u00a0<\/em>doudlebsk\u00e9 (<em>f<\/em>)<em>\u010d\u00edla<\/em>\u00a0a v\u00fdchodola\u0161sk\u00e9\u00a0<em>p\u0161\u010do\u0142a;\u00a0<\/em>podoba\u00a0<em>\u010d\u00edla\u00a0<\/em>je dolo\u017eena i z Kladska, na Morav\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bly krom\u011b toho star\u0161\u00ed prameny i podobu\u00a0<em>\u0161\u010dela.\u00a0<\/em>Ze slovotvorn\u00fdch obm\u011bn se vyskytuj\u00ed zdrobn\u011bliny jako\u00a0<em>f\u010delka, f\u010deli\u010dka,\u00a0<\/em>hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch (je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee zdrobn\u011bl\u00e1 podoba\u00a0<em>p\u010do\u0142ka\u00a0<\/em>p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 i v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 lu\u017eick\u00e9 srb\u0161tin\u011b). Vedle toho \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed v\u010dela\u0159i, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v \u010cech\u00e1ch, sv\u00fdm v\u010del\u00e1m\u00a0<em>mouchy,\u00a0<\/em>ale i na Morav\u011b chovaj\u00ed dosud tu a tam\u00a0<em>muchy.\u00a0<\/em>N\u011bkdy se u\u017e t\u011bchto ozna\u010den\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen \u017eertem \u2014 jist\u011b to plat\u00ed o\u00a0<em>sladk\u00e9 mou\u0161e<\/em>;\u00a0ojedin\u011bl\u00e1\u00a0<em>bo\u017e\u00ed moucha\u00a0<\/em>zase naopak prozrazuje starod\u00e1vnou \u00factu k \u201ev\u010deli\u010dk\u00e1m-du\u0161i\u010dk\u00e1m\u201c. Vcelku se v\u0161ak dnes v\u00fdraz\u00a0<em>moucha\u00a0<\/em>ve v\u00fdznamu \u201av\u010dela\u2018 objevuje u\u017e jen v \u0159e\u010di v\u010dela\u0159\u016f jako jist\u00fd starobyl\u00fd prvek jejich profesion\u00e1ln\u00edho slangu.<\/p><h2>2. VOSA (Vespa vulgaris)<\/h2><p>Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obraz poskytuj\u00ed n\u00e1\u0159e\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy pro vosu. U\u017e po hl\u00e1skov\u00e9 str\u00e1nce se u vosy ukazuje v\u00edce obm\u011bn. Proti \u010desk\u00e9 a han\u00e1ck\u00e9 podob\u011b\u00a0<em>vosa\u00a0<\/em>m\u00e1me na v\u00fdchod od \u010d\u00e1ry Hustope\u010de\u2014Kojet\u00edn\u2014Olomouc podobu\u00a0<em>osa,\u00a0<\/em>dolo\u017eenou i ve star\u00e9 \u010de\u0161tin\u011b a ve v\u0161ech slovansk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch krom\u011b lu\u017eick\u00e9 srb\u0161tiny (s jej\u00edmi podobami\u00a0<em>wosa, w\u00f3s<\/em>). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s lat.\u00a0<em>vespa,\u00a0<\/em>n\u011bm.\u00a0<em>Wespe,\u00a0<\/em>lit.\u00a0<em>vaps\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>aj. rekonstruuj\u00ed etymologov\u00e9 obvykle jako star\u0161\u00ed praslovanskou podobu\u00a0<em>u\u032fopsa<\/em>\u00a0(viz nap\u0159. Machek, uved. d\u00edlo, s. 573). Zd\u00e1 se v\u0161ak, \u017ee po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0<em>u\u032f<\/em>\/<em>v<\/em>\u00a0v tomto slov\u011b patrn\u011b\u00a0<a id=\"173\" name=\"173\"><\/a>[173]zmizelo u\u017e v praslovan\u0161tin\u011b a \u010desk\u00e9 a lu\u017eickosrbsk\u00e9\u00a0<em>vosa\u00a0<\/em>\u017ee je druhotn\u00e1 podoba s p\u0159edr\u00e1\u017ekou\u00a0<em>v-\u00a0<\/em>p\u0159ed\u00a0<em>o-.\u00a0<\/em>Nasv\u011bd\u010duje tomu vedle spor\u00fdch doklad\u016f staro\u010desk\u00fdch zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b hranice podob <em>vosa\/osa<\/em>, kter\u00e1 se v podstat\u011b kryje s celkovou hranic\u00ed mezi typem\u00a0<em>voko\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>oko.\u00a0<\/em>Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0<em>v-\u00a0<\/em>se d\u00e1le m\u00edsty m\u011bnilo v\u00a0<em>f-<\/em>\u00a0(srov. podobn\u00fd \u00fakaz ve slov\u011b\u00a0<em>vousy\/\/fousy<\/em>); tak zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na Litomy\u0161lsku, kde m\u00e1me podobu\u00a0<em>f\u00fasa,\u00a0<\/em>a na severn\u00edm okraji Han\u00e9 s podobou\u00a0<em>fusa.\u00a0<\/em>Podobu\u00a0<em>b\u00fazka,\u00a0<\/em>uv\u00e1d\u011bnou v star\u0161\u00ed literatu\u0159e (Listy filologick\u00e9 27, 1900, s. 357), anketa u\u017e nezaznamenala. V ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch se krom\u011b toho ve zbytc\u00edch zachovala i podoba\u00a0<em>l\u00fasa, l\u00faska,\u00a0<\/em>na \u010ceskokrumlovsku ojedin\u011ble i\u00a0<em>h\u00faska.\u00a0<\/em>Prvn\u00ed obm\u011bna souvis\u00ed nepochybn\u011b se star\u0161\u00ed obouretnou v\u00fdslovnost\u00ed hl\u00e1sky\u00a0<em>v,\u00a0<\/em>kter\u00e1 se bl\u00ed\u017eila star\u00e9mu tvrd\u00e9mu\u00a0<em>\u0142;\u00a0<\/em>druh\u00e1 je zase d\u00e1na nest\u00e1lost\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemnou z\u00e1stupnost\u00ed hi\u00e1tov\u00fdch hl\u00e1sek\u00a0<em>v\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>h\u00a0<\/em>(srov. nap\u0159. i p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed\u00a0<em>\u010cernohous\u00a0<\/em>vedle\u00a0<em>\u010cernovous<\/em>).<\/p><p>V uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch se u\u017e n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t vyskytly stopy star\u00e9ho dlou\u017een\u00ed a \u00fa\u017een\u00ed\u00a0<em>o\u00a0<\/em>&gt;\u00a0<em>\u00f3\u00a0<\/em>&gt;\u00a0<em>\u00fa.\u00a0<\/em>Dlou\u017een\u00ed\u00a0<em>vosa-v\u00fasa\u00a0<\/em>(podobn\u011b jako nap\u0159.\u00a0<em>voje-v\u00faje<\/em>) se nejv\u00edce projevuje v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch a ve st\u0159edu \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e9 vrchoviny; v zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9 podob\u011b\u00a0<em>vusa\/\/fusa\u00a0<\/em>se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s jeho v\u00fdsledkem i v severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Han\u00e9 a na Z\u00e1b\u0159e\u017esku; na z\u00e1padn\u00ed Morav\u011b, kde m\u00e1me t\u00e9\u017e podoby\u00a0<em>vus, vus\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>je toto\u00a0<em>u<\/em>\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b odrazem pravideln\u00e9 zm\u011bny\u00a0<em>o<\/em>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<em>u\u00a0<\/em>v \u201ehorsk\u00e9m\u201c n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed. \u2014 Dal\u0161\u00ed obm\u011bnu p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed zdrobn\u011bl\u00e9 podoby\u00a0<em>v\u00faska, l\u00faska, h\u00faska,\u00a0<\/em>kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed hlavn\u011b v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch, a nekryj\u00ed se tedy s oblast\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zdrobn\u011bl\u00e9ho\u00a0<em>f\u010delka.<\/em><\/p><p>Z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je v\u0161ak dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl, p\u0159echod k mu\u017esk\u00e9mu rodu v podobu\u00a0<em>vos.\u00a0<\/em>Ta se vyskytuje jednak v Podkrkono\u0161\u00ed, jednak na z\u00e1padn\u00ed Morav\u011b od Jihlavy k Blansku (<a href=\"http:\/\/bara.ujc.cas.cz\/psjc\/search.php?hledej=Hledej&amp;heslo=vosa&amp;where=hesla&amp;zobraz_ps=ps&amp;zobraz_cards=cards&amp;pocet_karet=3&amp;ps_heslo=vosa&amp;ps_startfrom=0&amp;ps_numcards=151&amp;numcchange=no&amp;not_initial=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P\u0159\u00edru\u010dn\u00ed slovn\u00edk<\/a>\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u00ed podobu\u00a0<em>vos\u00a0<\/em>jako zastaralou ze Sta\u0161ka a Havl\u00ed\u010dka, tedy od autor\u016f z t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed). K podob\u011b\u00a0<em>vos\u00a0<\/em>se pak \u00fazemn\u011b p\u0159ipojuje i odvozen\u00e9\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>tak zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b od Vy\u0161kova k \u017didlochovic\u00edm (od Kyjova k Hustope\u010d\u00edm v podob\u011b\u00a0<em>os\u00e1k<\/em>), p\u016fvodn\u011b patrn\u011b s v\u00fdznamov\u00fdm odst\u00ednem zhrub\u011blosti; ob\u011b tyto podoby v\u0161ak maj\u00ed \u010dasto t\u00e9\u017e v\u00fdznam \u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018 (viz n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p><p><a id=\"174\" name=\"174\"><\/a>[174]Krom\u011b t\u011bchto obm\u011bn v\u00fdrazu\u00a0<em>vosa\u00a0<\/em>m\u00e1me pro vosu i p\u0159enesen\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148a,\u00a0<\/em>a to na jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Morav\u011b v okruhu znojemsko-krumlovsk\u00e9m; okolo Slavkova na v\u00fdchod od Brna je tu odvozen\u00e9\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\/\/\u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k.\u00a0<\/em>V\u00fdraz\u00a0<em>\u0161ir\u0161u\u00f2\u00a0<\/em>znamen\u00e1 vosu i v litev\u0161tin\u011b (kde slovo\u00a0<em>vaps\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>ozna\u010duje st\u0159e\u010dka), nen\u00ed tedy takov\u00e1 z\u00e1m\u011bna omezena jen na na\u0161e \u00fazem\u00ed.\u00a0Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je t\u00e9\u017e, \u017ee v Klaretov\u011b Glos\u00e1\u0159i (ver\u0161 226) se jako ekvivalent lat.\u00a0<em>vespis\u00a0<\/em>uv\u00e1d\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148,\u00a0<\/em>kde\u017eto\u00a0<em>os\u00a0<\/em>je zde v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm ver\u0161i uvedena jako p\u0159eklad lat.\u00a0<em>asillus\u00a0<\/em>\u201aov\u00e1d\u2018. Nebyl tedy patrn\u011b v\u00fdznam tohoto etymologicky nepr\u016fhledn\u00e9ho praevropsk\u00e9ho slova p\u016fvodn\u011b tak vyhran\u011bn jako dnes. Jinak m\u00e1me v \u010desk\u00fdch n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edch pro vosu dolo\u017eeno u\u017e jen zcela ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0<em>marcip\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>z Vy\u0161kovska.<\/p><h2>3. SR\u0160E\u0147 (Vespa crabro)<\/h2><p>S je\u0161t\u011b pest\u0159ej\u0161\u00edmi obm\u011bnami se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me u starobyl\u00e9ho v\u00fdrazu\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>(k etymologii z indoevropsk\u00e9ho zvukomalebn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu\u00a0<em>k\u2019rs-,\u00a0<\/em>vyd\u00e1vat ostr\u00e9 zvuky, viz zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b Holub-Kope\u010dn\u00fd, Etymologick\u00fd slovn\u00edk jazyka \u010desk\u00e9ho, Praha 1952, s. 348, kde je toto slovo spojov\u00e1no s v\u00fdrazy\u00a0<em>sr\u0161et, srst<\/em>). Zp\u016fsobila to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed souhl\u00e1skov\u00e1 skupina na po\u010d\u00e1tku slova. U\u017e ve star\u00e9 \u010de\u0161tin\u011b je tu nap\u0159. dolo\u017eeno v uveden\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b z Klareta v r\u016fzn\u00fdch rukopisech\u00a0<em>ssrsen, ssrssien, srssen.\u00a0<\/em>Krom\u011b jihoz\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00fdch obm\u011bn jako\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1n, str\u017e\u00e1n, \u0161ir\u0161\u00e1\u0148\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>\u0161\u00edr\u0161\u00e1n,\u00a0<\/em>zachycen\u00fdch u Vor\u00e1\u010de (uved. d\u00edlo, s. 15), z nich\u017e na\u0161e anketa znovu potvrdila zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b podobu\u00a0<em>\u0161ir\u0161\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>na St\u0159\u00edbrsku a P\u0159e\u0161ticku, je tu jihov\u00fdchodohan\u00e1ck\u00e9 a moravskoslovensk\u00e9 asimilovan\u00e9\u00a0<em>\u0161r\u0161e\u0148,\u00a0<\/em>v\u00fdchodola\u0161sk\u00e9\u00a0<em>\u0161er\u0161i\u0148\u00a0<\/em>a v\u00fdchodohan\u00e1ck\u00e9, vala\u0161sk\u00e9 a moravskola\u0161sk\u00e9\u00a0<em>\u0161r\u0161le\u0148\u00a0<\/em>(<em>sr\u0161ljen\u00a0<\/em>je i v srbocharv\u00e1t\u0161tin\u011b); paraleln\u011b k t\u00e9to podob\u011b vyskytne se na Hranicku i\u00a0<em>br\u0161le\u0148. \u2014\u00a0<\/em>Dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159adu rozd\u00edl\u016f vytvo\u0159ily zm\u011bny v kvalit\u011b samohl\u00e1sky\u00a0<em>e\u00a0<\/em>po p\u016fvodn\u00edm m\u011bkk\u00e9m\u00a0<em>\u0161.\u00a0<\/em>V r\u00e1mci opavsk\u00e9 zm\u011bny\u00a0<em>e\u00a0<\/em>&gt;\u00a0<em>o\u00a0<\/em>vznikla tak podoba\u00a0<em>\u0161yr\u0161o\u0148\u00a0<\/em>a hlu\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9\u00a0<em>\u0161ar\u0161o\u0148 \u2014\u00a0<\/em>jihoz\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e1 zm\u011bna (depalatalizace)\u00a0<em>\u2019e\u00a0<\/em>&gt;\u00a0<em>a\u00a0<\/em>dala zase vznik podob\u00e1m\u00a0<em>sr\u0161an, sr\u0161a\u0148\u00a0<\/em>(tak zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na Netolicku). Jinak do\u0161lo v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch a t\u00e9\u017e v Podkrkono\u0161\u00ed i ke zm\u011bn\u011b kvantity t\u00e9to hl\u00e1sky, a m\u00e1me\u00a0<a id=\"175\" name=\"175\"><\/a>[175]tu tedy b\u011b\u017en\u011b\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1n\/\/sr\u0161\u00e1\u0148\u00a0<\/em>a t\u00e9\u017e doudlebsk\u00e9\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00edn.\u00a0<\/em>V\u00fdraz\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>je v\u0161ak zn\u00e1m i mimo vyt\u010den\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b po cel\u00fdch \u010cech\u00e1ch a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Morav\u011b, ov\u0161em hlavn\u011b jen ve v\u00fdznamu \u201adivok\u00fd, popudliv\u00fd, \u201esr\u0161at\u00fd\u201c \u010dlov\u011bk\u2018 (zde se tedy mohlo\u00a0<em>-\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>v\u010dlenit i do r\u00e1mce slovotvorn\u00e9ho typu\u00a0<em>dlouh\u00e1n<\/em>).<\/p><p>Je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, na kterou zat\u00edm nem\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159esn\u011b odpov\u011bd\u011bt, je rodov\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed slova\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148.\u00a0<\/em>Pokud se v \u010cech\u00e1ch, a v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b i na Morav\u011b, setk\u00e1me s tvary typu\u00a0<em>sr\u0161en\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>(ve z\u0159ejm\u00e9 p\u0159evaze na \u00fazem\u00ed se zm\u011bnou\u00a0<em>\u2019e\u00a0<\/em>&gt;\u00a0<em>a,\u00a0<\/em>ale i jinde), jde nepochybn\u011b o rod mu\u017esk\u00fd.\u00a0U podoby\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148,\u00a0<\/em>jej\u00ed\u017e zakon\u010den\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9mu stavu v slovansk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch, v\u0161ak mus\u00edme po\u010d\u00edtat i s mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00fdlen\u00ed k rodu \u017eensk\u00e9mu (jist\u011b i vlivem sou\u0159adn\u00fdch slov\u00a0<em>vosa\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>f\u010dela<\/em>). Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 na z\u00e1padn\u00ed Morav\u011b je asi \u017eensk\u00fd rod z\u00e1kladn\u00ed, pon\u011bvad\u017e v prostoru Da\u010dice\u2014T\u0159eb\u00ed\u010d\u2014Brno\u2014Znojmo je zn\u00e1m v\u00fdhradn\u011b 1. p. jedn. \u010d\u00edsla\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148e\/\/sr\u0161\u0148a.\u00a0<\/em>Naopak k v\u00fdchodu od Brna a na centr\u00e1ln\u00ed Han\u00e9 do\u0161lo k dal\u0161\u00edmu odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed podob ze z\u00e1kladu\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>mu\u017eskou p\u0159\u00edponou\u00a0<em>-\u00e1k;\u00a0<\/em>m\u00e1me tu tedy podoby jako\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(u Olomouce),\u00a0<em>sr\u0161n\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(u Litovle),\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(od Prost\u011bjova a\u017e k \u017didlochovic\u00edm),\u00a0<em>\u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(na z\u00e1pad od Kyjova) a ojedin\u011ble p\u0159etvo\u0159en\u00e9\u00a0<em>frf\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(z\u00e1padn\u011b od Brna). Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny tyto obm\u011bny se vyskytuj\u00ed por\u016fznu i v \u010cech\u00e1ch, p\u0159edn\u011b na Sl\u00e1nsku a v Podkrkono\u0161\u00ed, ov\u0161em zpravidla jen jako expres\u00edvn\u011b zabarven\u00e9 varianty. Jen na st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b se tu uplatnila i p\u0159\u00edpona\u00a0<em>-\u00e1l: sr\u0161\u0148\u00e1l\/\/\u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1l.<\/em><\/p><p>Krom\u011b obm\u011bn v\u00fdrazu\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>m\u016f\u017eeme zaznamenat z t\u011bch m\u00edst jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Moravy, kde u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u00e1zvu\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>pro vosu, jeho zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 druhotn\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvlastkem vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost a bojovnost tohoto vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho hmyzu ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s b\u011b\u017enou a jakoby z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vosou (v\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz\/archiv.php?art=4902#_ftn4\">pozn. 4<\/a>\u00a0jsme upozornili, \u017ee mnohde se sr\u0161e\u0148 prost\u011b v\u011bcn\u011b ztoto\u017e\u0148uje s vosou). Zejm\u00e9na na Hrotovicku se tak rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1 od\u00a0<em>sr\u0161n\u011b,\u00a0<\/em>tj. vosy,\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148 vojensk\u00e1\u00a0<\/em>(pop\u0159. i\u00a0<em>vojansk\u00e1<\/em>), jednou je uvedena i podoba\u00a0<em>vojensk\u00e1 vosa;\u00a0<\/em>na z\u00e1pad od Brna se zase uv\u00e1d\u00ed\u00a0<em>velk\u00e1 sr\u0161\u0148a,\u00a0<\/em>pop\u0159\u00edp.\u00a0<em>vosa.\u00a0<\/em>Vedle toho se od Mor. Krumlova hl\u00e1s\u00ed prost\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed\u00a0<em>voj\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(srov. p\u0159itom i form\u00e1ln\u011b soub\u011b\u017en\u00fd v\u00fdraz\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>\u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018) a na Oslavansku t\u0159ikr\u00e1t\u00a0<em>palcufka,\u00a0<\/em>tj. sr\u0161n\u011b palcov\u00e1, jak palec tlust\u00e1. Na\u00a0<a id=\"176\" name=\"176\"><\/a>[176]Kyjovsku se hodn\u011b vyskytuje obdobn\u00fd v\u00fdraz\u00a0<em>pal\u010d\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(paraleln\u011b k\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>ap.), na Bu\u010dovicku\u00a0<em>palc\u00e1k.\u00a0<\/em>K ojedin\u011bl\u00fdm n\u00e1zv\u016fm kone\u010dn\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed\u00a0<em>cig\u00e1nka\u00a0<\/em>(Mor. Krumlov), patrn\u011b pro temn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed barvu sr\u0161n\u011b (z Vy\u0161kovska se v\u0161ak\u00a0<em>cig\u00e1nka\u00a0<\/em>uv\u00e1d\u00ed jako ozna\u010den\u00ed pro tmav\u00e9ho \u010dmel\u00e1ka) a d\u00e1le\u00a0<em>hargan\u00e1\u0161\u00a0<\/em>(od \u017didlochovic) a\u00a0<em>f\u010delojed\u00a0<\/em>(od Slavkova).<\/p><h2>4. \u010cMEL\u00c1K (Bombus terrestris)<\/h2><p>Nejrozmanit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou v na\u0161\u00ed skupin\u011b nepochybn\u011b n\u00e1\u0159e\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy pro \u010dmel\u00e1ka; pat\u0159\u00ed k nejpest\u0159ej\u0161\u00edm mezi n\u00e1zvy hmyzu v\u016fbec. (Je to zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee \u010dmel\u00e1k je p\u0159edm\u011btem velk\u00e9ho klukovsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu.) Pestr\u00e1 jsou p\u0159edn\u011b rozmanit\u00e1 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed zvukomalebn\u00e9ho charakteru, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1zej\u00ed ze zvukov\u00fdch efekt\u016f p\u0159i \u010dmel\u00e1kov\u011b letu. U z\u00e1kladn\u00edho n\u00e1zvu\u00a0<em>\u010dmel\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>z indoevropsk\u00e9ho zvukomalebn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu\u00a0<em>km-\u00a0<\/em>(k t\u00e9to etymologii viz Holub-Kope\u010dn\u00fd, uved. d\u00edlo, s. 94) je tato motivace u\u017e zna\u010dn\u011b set\u0159ena, v \u010detn\u00fdch jeho obm\u011bn\u00e1ch je v\u0161ak v\u017edy znovu aktualizov\u00e1na. V\u00fdrazn\u011b se pak uplat\u0148uje u n\u00e1zv\u016f typu\u00a0<em>brun\u010fib\u00e1r, bzu\u010d\u00e1n, bun\u010d\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>sekund\u00e1rn\u011b t\u00e9\u017e u p\u0159ejat\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f\u00a0<em>homr\u00e1l, mumel\u00a0<\/em>apod.<\/p><p>Slovo \u010dmel\u00e1k vzniklo ze star\u0161\u00edho\u00a0<em>\u010dmel,\u00a0<\/em>kter\u00e9 se zachovalo dodnes na v\u00fdchod\u011b na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v oblasti la\u0161sk\u00e9 a vala\u0161sk\u00e9. Vedle b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho odvozen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edponou\u00a0<em>-\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>kterou si v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b a\u017e ani dost neuv\u011bdomujeme,\u00a0je tu i n\u011bkolik jin\u00fdch, n\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpon, jako\u00a0<em>-ec\u00a0<\/em>v su\u0161ick\u00e9m\u00a0<em>\u0161mulec, -da\u00a0<\/em>v \u017eertovn\u00e9m\u00a0<em>\u010dmelda, -d\u00e1n,\u00a0<\/em>v p\u0159e\u0161tick\u00e9m\u00a0<em>\u010dmold\u00e1n, \u0161mold\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>(Kub\u00edn uv\u00e1d\u00ed z Ji\u010d\u00ednska i p\u0159esmy\u010dky\u00a0<em>\u010dmejdl\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>\u010dmejdl\u00edk<\/em>),\u00a0<em>-\u00e1r\u00a0<\/em>v ojedin\u011bl\u00e9m vy\u0161kovsk\u00e9m\u00a0<em>\u010dmel\u00e1r.\u00a0<\/em>U v\u011bt\u0161iny t\u011bchto obm\u011bn se objevuje z\u00e1rove\u0148 i st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0<em>\u010dm-\/\u0161m-,\u00a0<\/em>kter\u00e9 se projevuje i u podoby\u00a0<em>\u010dmel\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na Blanensku a v dolsk\u00e9 oblasti. Vedle toho m\u00e1me v kopani\u010d\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 oblasti a na B\u0159eclavsku obm\u011bnu\u00a0<em>\u010dmrl\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>d\u00e1le k z\u00e1padu i ojedin\u011bl\u00e9\u00a0<em>\u0161mrl\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>\u010dmerh\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(z dolsk\u00e9 oblasti) \u2014 skupinu\u00a0<em>\u0161\u010dm- \/ \u0161tm-\u00a0<\/em>dolo\u017eenou v staro\u010desk\u00e9m\u00a0<em>\u0161\u010dmel\u00a0<\/em>(srov. v Klaretov\u011b Glos\u00e1\u0159i ver\u0161 223:\u00a0<em>\u0161\u010dmel\u00a0<\/em>fucus) v\u0161ak u\u017e dne\u0161n\u00ed n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed neznaj\u00ed. Po<a id=\"177\" name=\"177\"><\/a>[177]dobn\u00e9 obm\u011bny \u017eij\u00ed zato v n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edch rusk\u00fdch\u00a0<em>(\u0161\u010deme\u013e),\u00a0<\/em>polsk\u00fdch\u00a0<em>(trzmiel)\u00a0<\/em>a slovinsk\u00fdch\u00a0<em>(\u010drmelj).\u00a0<\/em>Dal\u0161\u00ed podoby, jako\u00a0<em>f\u010del\u00e1k, f\u010delu\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>f\u010delun\u010f\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>zachycen\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b,\u00a0nevznikaly ov\u0161em hl\u00e1skov\u00fdm pochodem, n\u00fdbr\u017e p\u0159\u00edklonem k slovu\u00a0<em>f\u010dela \u2014\u00a0<\/em>v t\u00e9to oblasti se n\u011bkde \u010dmel\u00e1ku \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 i\u00a0<em>zemsk\u00e1 f\u010dela.\u00a0<\/em>To plat\u00ed i o bu\u010dovick\u00e9 zk\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 podob\u011b\u00a0<em>bun\u010del\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(=\u00a0<em>bun\u010d\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>\u00d7\u00a0<em>f\u010del\u00e1k<\/em>); v da\u010dicko-jemnick\u00e9m\u00a0<em>\u010dmedul\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>se zase zk\u0159\u00ed\u017eily podoby\u00a0<em>\u010dmel\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>medul\u00e1k.<\/em><\/p><p>Je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011bji napov\u00eddaj\u00ed t\u00f3n \u010dmel\u00e1kova letu n\u00e1zvy tvo\u0159en\u00e9 \u0159adou expres\u00edvn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpon od z\u00e1klad\u016f\u00a0<em>bru(n)-, bzu(\u010d)-\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>bun(\u010d)-.\u00a0<\/em>Tak na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cech, s v\u00fdjimkou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed oblasti jihoz\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9, \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1ku t\u00e9\u017e\u00a0<em>brun\u010fib\u00e1r,\u00a0<\/em>ale i\u00a0<em>brun\u010fib\u00e1l, brun\u010fiv\u00e1l\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>brun\u010fiv\u00e1r<\/em>,\u00a0na Broumovsku\u00a0<em>brumber\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>u Loun kr\u00e1tce\u00a0<em>brumb\u00e1r,\u00a0<\/em>u Plas se objev\u00ed i\u00a0<em>brun\u0165a,\u00a0<\/em>na Klatovsku\u00a0<em>brun\u010f\u00e1l,\u00a0<\/em>u T\u00fdna n. Vltavou\u00a0<em>bru\u010d\u00e1n,\u00a0<\/em>u Da\u010dic\u00a0<em>bru\u010d\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>u Mor. Bud\u011bjovic\u00a0<em>brun\u010d\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>u Mor. Krumlova dokonce\u00a0<em>b\u0159on\u010d\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>burda.\u00a0<\/em>Z p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu\u00a0<em>bzu\u010d-\u00a0<\/em>jsou takov\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy odvozov\u00e1ny sp\u00ed\u0161e na jihu: pat\u0159\u00ed sem nap\u0159.\u00a0<em>bzu\u010d\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>na Prachaticku (paraleln\u011b k\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1n<\/em>),\u00a0<em>bzu\u010d\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>na jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Morav\u011b,\u00a0<em>bzunda\u00a0<\/em>u Blanska, a hlavn\u011b\u00a0<em>bzun\u010d\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>bzunt\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>na Bu\u010dovicku, jen\u017e u\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159echod k podob\u00e1m jihov\u00fdchodomoravsk\u00fdm od z\u00e1kladu\u00a0<em>bun<\/em>(<em>\u010d<\/em>)-:<em>\u00a0<\/em>v prostoru od Kojet\u00edna ke Kyjovu zjistila tu anketa podoby\u00a0<em>bu\u0148\u00e1k, bu\u0148\u00e1r, bun\u010d\u00e1l, bun\u010d\u00e1k, bund\u017e\u00e1k<\/em>.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed typ v t\u00e9to skupin\u011b n\u00e1zv\u016f p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed podoby\u00a0<em>mumel, muml\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>na Man\u011bt\u00ednsku; na bl\u00edzk\u00e9m St\u0159\u00edbrsku vedle toho nach\u00e1z\u00edme i podoby\u00a0<em>hum(e)l, huml\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(z n\u011bm.\u00a0<em>Hummel<\/em>), s nimi\u017e se ojedin\u011ble setk\u00e1me i jinde; na Han\u00e9 pak bylo u \u0160ternberka zachyceno i podobn\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0<em>h\u00f4mr\u00e1l,\u00a0<\/em>u Mor. Krumlova\u00a0<em>mamr\u010da.\u00a0<\/em>V\u0161echny tyto p\u0159ejat\u00e9 podoby jsou z\u00e1rove\u0148 zvukomalebn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Dal\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e1 skupina n\u00e1zv\u016f vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159edstavy \u010dmel\u00e1kovy medo<a id=\"178\" name=\"178\"><\/a>[178]nosnosti; pro ni se \u010dmel\u00e1kovi dostalo hlavn\u011b v d\u011btsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed nejroztodivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1zv\u016f, jako\u00a0<em>med\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po cel\u00fdch \u010cech\u00e1ch a hojn\u011b i na Morav\u011b),\u00a0<em>me\u010f\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(hlavn\u011b ve st\u0159edn\u00edch a t\u00e9\u017e v severoz\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch),\u00a0<em>me\u010fur\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(jen st\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9),\u00a0<em>medul\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(hlavn\u011b v Brdech), ojedin\u011ble pak i\u00a0<em>medous\u00a0<\/em>(u P\u0159e\u0161tic) a na Morav\u011b i\u00a0<em>medajda, med\u00e1l, med\u00f3n,\u00a0<\/em>ba i\u00a0<em>mezul\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>(s p\u0159\u00edklonem k b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 nad\u00e1vce).<\/p><p>Zb\u00fdvaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed, \u010dast\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b, jako nap\u0159. patrn\u011b p\u0159ejat\u00e9\u00a0<em>g\u00e1\u0148a,\u00a0<\/em>zvukomalebn\u00e9\u00a0<em>som, bzum,\u00a0<\/em>obrazn\u00e9\u00a0<em>basa\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>cig\u00e1nka,\u00a0<\/em>a hlavn\u011b pak t\u0159eb\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e9\u00a0<em>baba,\u00a0<\/em>je\u017e jedin\u00e9 z nich \u017eije na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed oblasti. N\u00e1zvu\u00a0<em>baba\u00a0<\/em>se v zdrobn\u011bl\u00e9 podob\u011b\u00a0<em>babka, babulinka\u00a0<\/em>ap. dost\u00e1v\u00e1 i jin\u00fdm druh\u016fm hmyzu, nap\u0159. chroustu a slun\u00e9\u010dku; d\u016fvod pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed je ov\u0161em v\u017edy pon\u011bkud jin\u00fd. Z\u00e1padomoravsk\u00e9\u00a0<em>baba\u00a0<\/em>\u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018 se konec konc\u016f zase nejsp\u00ed\u0161 poj\u00ed k pojmenov\u00e1n\u00edm zvukomalebn\u00fdm. V\u00fdraz\u00a0<em>baba\u00a0<\/em>se p\u0159itom vysk\u00fdt\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jen v oblasti s podobou\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148a,\u00a0<\/em>tak\u017ee tu m\u00e1me v \u0159ad\u011b\u00a0<em>f\u010dela, vosa, sr\u0161\u0148a, baba\u00a0<\/em>jen jm\u00e9na \u017eensk\u00e9ho rodu.<\/p><p>Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jsou kone\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1zvy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159e\u0161ly na \u010dmel\u00e1ka od p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch druh\u016f, a to zase p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b. Krom\u011b uveden\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00a0<em>f\u010del\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>zemsk\u00e1 f\u010dela\u00a0<\/em>sem pat\u0159\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ozna\u010den\u00ed\u00a0<em>vos,\u00a0<\/em>roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 dosud hojn\u011b vedle vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>na jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Morav\u011b, a \u010dist\u011b jen odvozen\u00e9\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>v okol\u00ed Slavkova. Tento v\u00fdznamov\u00fd p\u0159esun je z\u0159ejm\u011b ve spojitosti s maten\u00edm sr\u0161n\u011b a vosy (viz v\u00fd\u0161e\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz\/archiv.php?art=4902#174\">s. 174<\/a>), ba zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b on dal k p\u0159esunu n\u00e1zvu sr\u0161n\u011b na vosu popud: dvojzna\u010dnost v\u00fdrazu\u00a0<em>vos\u00a0<\/em>(= \u201avosa\u2018 i \u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018) bylo t\u0159eba odstranit nov\u00fdm pojmenov\u00e1n\u00edm vosy.<\/p><p>*<\/p><p>Je nasnad\u011b, \u017ee n\u00e1zvy pro \u010dmel\u00e1ka jsou p\u0159i sv\u00e9 pestrosti zna\u010dn\u011b prom\u011bnliv\u00e9, a tedy i sn\u00e1z p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 vliv\u016fm sou\u0159adn\u00fdch n\u00e1zv\u016f, tak\u017ee n\u00e1s mezi nimi n\u00e1zvy\u00a0<em>f\u010del\u00e1k, vos\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>ap. nijak neudivuj\u00ed.\u00a0<em>\u010cmel\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>v\u0161ak stoj\u00ed na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b, i pokud se t\u00fd\u010de toho, jak s\u00e1m p\u016fsob\u00ed po form\u00e1ln\u00ed str\u00e1nce na celou na\u0161i skupinu. Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bji se tu projevuje jeho vliv v roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u011b zhrubuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpony\u00a0<em>-\u00e1k.\u00a0<\/em>Zat\u00edmco se \u010detn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 odvozovac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpony, jako\u00a0<em>-\u00e1n, -\u00e1l, -\u00e1r, -oun, -ous, -da, -\u0165a,\u00a0<\/em>uplatnily hlavn\u011b u n\u00e1\u0159e\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1zv\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1ka od z\u00e1kladu\u00a0<em>med-\u00a0<\/em>a typu\u00a0<em>brun-,\u00a0<\/em>m\u00e1me v t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edpon\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad modelov\u00e9ho tvo\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pro<a id=\"179\" name=\"179\"><\/a>[179]nik\u00e1 ke v\u0161em z\u00e1klad\u016fm sou\u0159adn\u00fdch slov. U n\u00e1zv\u016f \u010dmel\u00e1ka je to nap\u0159.\u00a0<em>med\u00e1k, me\u010fur\u00e1k, \u010dmedul\u00e1k, muml\u00e1k, bab\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(ba vlastn\u011b i\u00a0<em>brumb\u00e1r\u00a0<\/em>se mohl zm\u011bnit v\u00a0<em>brumber\u00e1ka<\/em>) \u2014 u dal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1kladn\u00edch n\u00e1zv\u016f je to\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k, vos\u0148\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>a hlavn\u011b\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1k, \u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>ap.; zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed je kone\u010dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad podoby\u00a0<em>f\u010del\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(viz d\u00e1le). Maxima dos\u00e1hla tato uniformuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpona v severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch, a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na st\u0159edn\u00ed a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b, kde m\u00e1me vedle sebe podoby\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k, \u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k, \u010dmel\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(pop\u0159. i\u00a0<em>f\u010del\u00e1k<\/em>). \u2014 Jinak m\u00e1me takov\u00e9 slovotvorn\u00e9 paralely hlavn\u011b jen mezi n\u00e1zvy pro \u010dmel\u00e1ka a sr\u0161e\u0148; tak v han\u00e1ck\u00fdch a v\u00fdchodomoravsk\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148\u00e1l-bun\u010d\u00e1l,\u00a0<\/em>nebo v jihoz\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9m\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1n-bzu\u010d\u00e1n.<\/em>\u00a0V slov\u011b\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>se tak vlastn\u011b znova o\u017eivuje v\u011bdom\u00ed odvozenosti, kter\u00e9 u podoby\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>jinak u\u017e zaniklo; podobn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad p\u0159edstavuje i ojedin\u011bl\u00e1 paralela\u00a0<em>f\u010dela-\u010dmela\u00a0<\/em>(b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 v lu\u017eick\u00e9 srb\u0161tin\u011b) a\u00a0<em>f\u010dela-f\u010del\u00e1k.\u00a0<\/em>V jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme kone\u010dn\u011b pouk\u00e1zat i na vztah mezi n\u00e1zvy\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>vo\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(u Blanska).<\/p><p>Jinak zap\u016fsobil\u00a0<em>\u010dmel\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>na ostatn\u00ed \u010dleny \u0159ady, zejm\u00e9na na\u00a0<em>vosu,\u00a0<\/em>sv\u00fdm mu\u017esk\u00fdm rodem \u2014 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b snad t\u00e9\u017e spolu se\u00a0<em>sr\u0161n\u011bm-sr\u0161\u00e1nem,\u00a0<\/em>jeho\u017e povaha je po t\u00e9to str\u00e1nce nejobojetn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pokud slovo\u00a0<em>vosa\u00a0<\/em>dostalo v\u00fdznam \u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018, p\u0159iklonilo se v\u017edy k rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9mu.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00fd je d\u00e1le prastar\u00fd, dnes u\u017e ov\u0161em zna\u010dn\u011b set\u0159el\u00fd etymologick\u00fd vztah mezi v\u00fdrazy\u00a0<em>v\u010dela\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>\u010dmel\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>(srov. Machek, uved. d\u00edlo, s. 557). V\u00edce se tento vztah znova o\u017eivuje jen na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b s n\u00e1zvy\u00a0<em>zemsk\u00e1 f\u010dela, f\u010del\u00e1k.\u00a0<\/em>Podoba\u00a0<em>f\u010del\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a zhrub\u011bl\u00e9\u00a0<em>f\u010delun\u010f\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>jsou tak vlastn\u011b jak\u00fdmsi p\u0159ech\u00fdlen\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00edho n\u00e1zvu\u00a0<em>f\u010dela\u00a0<\/em>do rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho, jakoby pro ozna\u010den\u00ed samce v\u010dely (podobn\u011b jako ve dvojic\u00edch\u00a0<em>\u017e\u00e1ba-\u017eab\u00e1k, moucha-mu\u0161\u00e1k<\/em>). Jinak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1\u00a0<em>v\u010dela\u00a0<\/em>jako jedin\u00e1 v\u017edy v rod\u011b \u017eensk\u00e9m, n\u00e1zvy pro \u010dmel\u00e1ka zpravidla v rod\u011b mu\u017esk\u00e9m.<\/p><p>V jihomoravsk\u00e9 oblasti se pak projevily v\u0161echny tyto vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 posuny a tvarov\u00e9 obm\u011bny nejhojn\u011bji, a to v podstat\u011b dvoj\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem: Na jihoz\u00e1pad od Brna z\u016fstalo p\u0159i tom, \u017ee se n\u00e1zev\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148a\u00a0<\/em>roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il i na vosu, kdy\u017e se n\u00e1zev\u00a0<em>vosa\u00a0<\/em>uplatnil v podob\u011b\u00a0<em>vos\u00a0<\/em>jako ozna\u010den\u00ed \u010dmel\u00e1ka a vlastn\u00ed\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>dostala rozli\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvlastek\u00a0<em>vojensk\u00e1,\u00a0<\/em>pop\u0159.\u00a0<em>velk\u00e1.\u00a0<\/em>Na v\u00fdchod od Brna s centrem na Slavkovsku, kde doch\u00e1zelo rovn\u011b\u017e k v\u00fdznamov\u00fdm posun\u016fm\u00a0<em>sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>\u2192 \u201avosa\u2018 a\u00a0<em>vosa\u00a0<\/em>\u2192 \u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018, se k tomu p\u0159ipojilo i siln\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpony\u00a0<em>-\u00e1k.\u00a0<\/em>Proti jihoz\u00e1padohan\u00e1ck\u00e9mu\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148a\u00a0<\/em>(\u017een. rod) \u00d7\u00a0<em>vos\u00a0<\/em>(mu\u017e. rod) m\u00e1me\u00a0<a id=\"180\" name=\"180\"><\/a>[180]tu paraleln\u00ed\u00a0<em>\u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\/\/vos\u00e1k\/\/\u010dmel\u00e1k.\u00a0<\/em>Naproti tomu tu nedoch\u00e1zelo k tak p\u0159esn\u00e9mu v\u00fdznamov\u00e9mu rozli\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1klad\u016f.<\/p><p>Dnes ov\u0161em v\u0161echny takov\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0159e\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 posuny pod tlakem spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka rychle mizej\u00ed (anketa tak nap\u0159. zaznamenala na z\u00e1pad od Brna n\u00e1zev\u00a0<em>sr\u0161\u0148a\u00a0<\/em>ve v\u00fdznamu \u201avosa\u2018 u\u017e jen v 18 p\u0159\u00edpadech). Jen o m\u00e1lo jin\u00e1 je situace po t\u00e9to str\u00e1nce v okruhu slavkovsk\u00e9m, kde jsou dnes p\u016fsoben\u00edm spisovn\u00fdch v\u00fdznam\u016f slov\u00a0<em>vosa, sr\u0161e\u0148\u00a0<\/em>n\u00e1\u0159e\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdrazy\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0<em>\u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>rovn\u011b\u017e potenci\u00e1ln\u011b dvojzna\u010dn\u00e9:\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k =\u00a0<\/em>1. vosa, 2. \u010dmel\u00e1k;\u00a0<em>\u0161r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k =\u00a0<\/em>1. sr\u0161e\u0148, 2. vosa; i tu se ov\u0161em p\u0159enesen\u00fd druh\u00fd v\u00fdznam uplat\u0148uje jen v archaick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b venkovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed, a ani to u\u017e ne n\u011bjak v\u00fdrazn\u011b; nap\u0159. Gregor\u016fv slovn\u00edk z t\u00e9to oblasti zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 u obou v\u00fdraz\u016f jen prvn\u00ed v\u00fdznam.\u00a0P\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 je i to, \u017ee p\u0159i celkov\u00e9m rozkol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto v\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho pole doch\u00e1z\u00edv\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b i k dal\u0161\u00edmu druhotn\u00e9mu rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed uvnit\u0159 cel\u00e9 trojice sou\u0159adn\u00fdch pojm\u016f (v\u010dela z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 i tu v\u017edy jednozna\u010dn\u00e1): na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm Blanensku tak hl\u00e1s\u00ed anketa ojedin\u011ble trojici\u00a0<em>vos\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>\u201a\u010dmel\u00e1k\u2018 \u2014\u00a0<em>vus\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>\u201avosa\u2018 \u2014 s<em>r\u0161\u0148\u00e1k\u00a0<\/em>\u201asr\u0161e\u0148\u2018, na z\u00e1padn\u00edm Vy\u0161kovsku je pro vosu dolo\u017een n\u00e1zev\u00a0<em>marcip\u00e1n,\u00a0<\/em>pro \u010dmel\u00e1ka\u00a0<em>zemn\u00ed f\u010dela, cig\u00e1nka,\u00a0<\/em>na Slavkovsku pro sr\u0161n\u011b\u00a0<em>f\u010delojed, pal\u010d\u00e1k, palc\u00e1k,\u00a0<\/em>na Hustope\u010dsku\u00a0<em>hargan\u00e1\u0161.<\/em><\/p><p>Jak vid\u011bt, propletly se v na\u0161ich n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edch v minulosti n\u00e1zvy blanok\u0159\u00eddl\u00e9ho hmyzu opat\u0159en\u00e9ho \u017eihadlem m\u00edsty tak, \u017ee se daj\u00ed jen t\u011b\u017eko navz\u00e1jem rozeznat. Je to jist\u011b z\u010d\u00e1sti d\u00e1no u\u017e povahou ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti \u2014 na prvn\u00ed pohled jsou si v\u0161echny tyto druhy hmyzu navz\u00e1jem dosti podobn\u00e9, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b barvou; v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 je p\u0159itom jist\u011b i okolnost, \u017ee jde o hmyz opat\u0159en\u00fd \u017eihadlem, a kone\u010dn\u011b i to, \u017ee jde v\u011bt\u0161inou o hmyz, kter\u00fd vyr\u00e1b\u00ed med. Vcelku jsou si nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed vosa a sr\u0161e\u0148, je\u017e se tak\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji \u2014 hlavn\u011b ov\u0161em na \u00fakor sr\u0161n\u011b, z\u0159ejm\u011b pro jeho pom\u011brnou vz\u00e1cnost. Od vosy k \u010dmel\u00e1ku je u\u017e hodn\u011b d\u00e1le, z\u00e1m\u011bna tu m\u00edv\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u016fvod expres\u00edvn\u00ed \u2014 \u010dmel\u00e1k proto zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u016fbec ve sv\u00e9 skupin\u011b pestrost\u00ed n\u00e1zv\u016f jedine\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed. Jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se zase oded\u00e1vna vyd\u011bluje od sv\u00fdch divok\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u010dela. Prakticky se nikdy s nimi nezam\u011b\u0148uje; zato v\u0161ak je \u010dasto v\u00fdchodiskem pro pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho \u010dmel\u00e1ka (srov. na\u0161e\u00a0<a id=\"181\" name=\"181\"><\/a>[181]<em>f\u010del\u00e1k, zemsk\u00e1 f\u010dela,\u00a0<\/em>franc.\u00a0<em>abeille terrestre,\u00a0<\/em>angl.\u00a0<em>humble-bee,\u00a0<\/em>ma\u010f.\u00a0<em>poszm\u00e9h<\/em>) a jako jedin\u00e1 ukazuje t\u00e9\u017e mimo na\u0161i \u0159adu k bl\u00edzk\u00e9 mou\u0161e.<\/p><p>T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 jsme pozorovali, z\u00e1le\u017eej\u00ed v p\u0159esouv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdznamu v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny sou\u0159adn\u00fdch slov. Podobn\u00fd v\u00fdznamov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj b\u00fdv\u00e1 zat\u00edm sledov\u00e1n sp\u00ed\u0161e u mnohotv\u00e1rn\u00fdch abstraktn\u00edch pojm\u016f jako svoboda, rozum, kr\u00e1sa, rychlost, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se mluv\u00edv\u00e1 o synonymn\u00edch v\u00fdznamotvorn\u00fdch procesech uvnit\u0159 tzv. s\u00e9mantick\u00fdch pol\u00ed. V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku jsme cht\u011bli uk\u00e1zat, jak prob\u00edhaj\u00ed do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry obdobn\u00e9 procesy vlastn\u011b i uvnit\u0159 skupin sou\u0159adn\u00fdch slov.<sup>\u00a0<\/sup>Tyto procesy jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011btem studia v oblasti n\u00e1zv\u016f drobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at a m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rostlin.\u00a0Tu se v\u0161ude uplat\u0148uje takov\u00e9 p\u0159esouv\u00e1n\u00ed hranic v\u00fdznamu \u010dasto dokonce siln\u011bji ne\u017e metaforick\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdznamu v obrazn\u00fdch pojmenov\u00e1n\u00edch. Soud\u00edme proto, \u017ee vedle studia nejrozmanit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pojmenov\u00e1vac\u00edch motiv\u016f, je\u017e tak skv\u011ble rozv\u00e1d\u00ed zejm\u00e9na V\u00e1\u017en\u00e9ho pr\u016fkopnick\u00e1 s\u00e9maziologick\u00e1 studie \u201eO jm\u00e9nech mot\u00fdl\u016f v slovensk\u00fdch n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edch\u201c (Bratislava 1955), bude v na\u0161\u00ed dialektologii nad\u00e1le t\u0159eba zkoumat i vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd vztah pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00fdch celk\u016f sou\u0159adn\u00fdch slov, je\u017e na sebe navz\u00e1jem v\u00edce nebo m\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed jak po str\u00e1nce v\u00fdznamov\u00e9, tak po str\u00e1nce form\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u010cmel\u00e1k nepronikl jen do na\u0161ich srdc\u00ed ale i mluvy Odkaz na p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek N\u00e1zvy pro v\u010delu a \u010dmel\u00e1ka (\u010dele\u010f Apidae) a vosu a sr\u0161n\u011b (\u010dele\u010f Vespidae) p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v \u010desk\u00fdch n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edch velmi zaj\u00edmavou skupinu s \u0159adou spole\u010dn\u00fdch rys\u016f. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u011b se zde uplat\u0148uje obecn\u00fd s\u00e9mantick\u00fd z\u00e1kon soub\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho form\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje ve v\u00fdznamov\u011b sou\u0159adn\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch slov. Projevuje se&nbsp;&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":18958,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"wf_page_folders":[19],"class_list":["post-358","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u010cmel\u00e1k v jazyce \u010desk\u00e9m a v n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed &#8211; \u010cmel\u00e1ci PLUS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chcete v\u011bd\u011bt jak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u010dmel\u00e1k\u016fm na Morav\u011b, Slezsku a jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech na\u0161\u00ed kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 zem\u011b? 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