Bumblebee in the Czech language and in dialect

The names for bees and bumblebees (family Apidae) and wasps and hornets (family Vespidae) represent a very interesting group in Czech dialects, with a number of common features. The general semantic law of parallel formal development in semantically coordinate groups of words is particularly evident here. This is manifested, for example, by the equalisation of genderBumblebee, hornet i foul (are masculine in places), as well as the spread of common suffixes (e.g. bumblebee, hornet, wasp, droneand finally also through the mutual transfer of meaning (wasp, drone → ‚bumblebee‘, etc.). Before we reach this collective finding, however, we will need to examine the names for each member separately.

1. BEE (Apis mellifica)

The simplest situation is with the names for the bee, for which, with Machek (Etymological Dictionary of the Czech and Slovak Languages, Prague 1957, p. 577), we assume a form as the Proto-Slavic basis bee, Apparently from an older one bee. It is apparently an onomatopoeic word, related also to the word Bumblebee (see below). In Czech dialects, much like in other Slavic languages, various phonetic variations of this word appear, such as the south-west Bohemian bee, bees, Doudlebyf)chilli Eastern Slovak bee; like chilli and from Kladsko, in Moravia, older sources also stated the form would like. Derivational variations include diminutives such as little bee, tiny bee, more abundant, especially in northeastern Bohemia (it's interesting that the diminutive form bee also prevails in nearby Sorbian). In addition, beekeepers, especially in Bohemia, say to their bees flies, but also in Moravia they still keep here and there Flies. Sometimes these labels are used only in jest - this is certainly true of sweet fly;unique God's fly shows ancient respect for the „little soul bees.“ On the whole, however, the expression today fly in the meaning of ‚bee‘ only appears in the speech of beekeepers as a certain ancient element of their professional slang.

2. VOSA (Vespa vulgaris)

A more complex picture is provided by dialect names for the wasp. Even linguistically, the wasp shows more variations. Compared to the Czech and Hanakian forms Hello To the east of the line Hustopeče–Kojetín–Olomouc we have a resemblance Osa, and in Old Czech and in all Slavic languages except Upper Sorbian (with its forms Wosa, wosBased on a comparison with Latin. Scooter, German. Wasp, Literally. vapour aj. etymologists usually reconstruct as an older Proto-Slavic form Oops (e.g. Machek, op. cit., p. 573). It does, however, seem that the initial w/v in this word, probably [173] disappeared already in Proto-Slavic and Czech and Sorbian Hello that it is a secondary form with a surcharge v- before Oh. Despite scant Old Czech evidence, other factors, such as borders, suggest this. vosa/osa, which essentially coincides with the overall border between the type booth a eye. Initial v- it further varied in places to f (see similar phenomenon in the word beardand especially in the Litomyšl area, where we have a similar situation fusa, on the northern edge of Haná with a resemblance fuschia. Likeness buzzard, mentioned in older literature (Listy filologické 27, 1900, p. 357), the survey no longer recorded. In Southern Bohemia, moreover, the form has also survived in remnants luce, lucciola, in the Český Krumlov region, occasionally also house. The first variation undoubtedly relates to the older bilabial pronunciation of the sound v, which approached the old tough L; The second is again given by the instability and mutual substitution of hiatus vowels v a h (cf. surnames, for example) Black house next to Blackbeard).

Traces of old lengthening and narrowing have appeared several times in the forms shown. o Please provide the text you would like translated. ó Please provide the text you would like translated. oh. Extension vosa-vúsa (similar to eg. voj-vooy) is most evident in South Bohemia and the central Bohemian-Moravian Highlands; in a shortened form fuse we encounter its result in the northwestern part of Haná and in Zábřeh; in western Moravia, where we also have forms mate, pal, Is this u likely a reflection of regular change o Please provide the text you would like translated. u in the „mountain“ dialect. — Further variations are represented by diminutive forms vodka, lusk, husk, which appear mainly in South Bohemia, and therefore do not overlap with the distribution area of the diminutive little bee.

However, the more serious difference is the shift to the masculine gender in the form voice. This occurs both in the Podkrkonoší region and in western Moravia from Jihlava to Blansko.Pocket dictionary presents a form foul as outdated from Stašek and Havlíček, meaning from authors from these regions). As for the resemblance foul which is also annexed by derivation wasp, especially from Vyškov to Židlochovice (from Kyjov to Hustopeče in the form of goose), originally perhaps with a nuance of coarseness; however, both these forms often also mean ‚bumblebee‘ (see below).

Besides these variations in expression Hello we have a transferred naming for a wasp as well wasp, and this is in southwestern Moravia, in the Znojmo-Krumlov region; around Slavkov, to the east of Brno, it is derived from here Wasp nest. Expression wider The word 'vosa' also means 'wasp' in Lithuanian (where the word vapour (denotes the dormouse), so this confusion is not limited to our territory. It is also interesting that in Klaret's Glossary (verse 226), as an equivalent to the Latin. wasp also states Wasp, whereas OS is here in the previous verse given as a translation of Lat. horsefly ‚horsefly‘. The meaning of this etymologically opaque Proto-Indo-European word was therefore probably not as clearly defined as it is today. Otherwise, in Czech dialects, we only have a completely isolated occasional name for a wasp documented Marzipan from Vyškovska.

3. HORNET (Vespa crabro)

Even more colourful variations are found with the ancient expression Hornet from the Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeic root K'rs-, emit sharp sounds, see especially Holub-Kopečný, Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, Prague 1952, p. 348, where this word is linked with expressions furThis was primarily caused by the more difficult consonant cluster at the beginning of the word. Even in Old Czech, for example, it is documented in the mentioned place from Klaret in various manuscripts Sir, sirs, sir. Besides the Southwest Bohemian variations such as Wasp, hornet, hornet a widespread, captured near Voráč (ibid., p. 15), of which our survey particularly confirmed the similarity shirshán in the Stříbro and Přeštice regions, it is South-East Haná and Moravian-Slovak assimilated Wasp, Eastern Slovak asshould and Eastern Hanácko, Wallachian and Moravian-Silesian Hornet (hornet (also in Serbo-Croatian); parallel to this form, in the Hranicko region, there also occurs Lace. — Further differences were created by changes in vowel quality e following the original soft s. As part of the Opava change e Please provide the text you would like translated. o a likeness emerged Soothing of Hlučín sharpen Southwest Bohemian change (depalatalisation) ’He Please provide the text you would like translated. a dala zase vznik podobám Sršan (especially in the Netolice region). Otherwise, in southwestern Bohemia and also in the foothills of the Giant Mountains, there was a change in the quantity of this sound, and we have [175] you usually then hornet and also of Doudleby mite. Expression Beard However, it is also known outside the designated territory more or less throughout Bohemia and western Moravia, but mainly only in the sense of a ‚wild, irritable, „hairy“ person‘ (here, therefore, it could have -an incorporate into the word-formation model Tall person).

A more complex question, which we cannot yet answer precisely, is the gender of the word Hornet. If in Bohemia, and exceptionally in Moravia, we encounter forms such as wasp a Beard (with obvious prevalence in the territory with change ’He Please provide the text you would like translated. A, but also elsewhere), it is undoubtedly of the masculine gender. For the form Wasp, whose endings correspond to the majority state in Slavic languages, however, we must also consider the possibility of leaning towards the feminine gender (certainly also due to coordinate words Hello a beeParticularly in western Moravia, the feminine gender appears to be the basic one, as in the area of Dačice—Třebíč—Brno—Znojmo, only the 1st person singular is known. hornets. Conversely, to the east of Brno and in central Haná, further derivations of forms occurred from the base Hornet masculine ending -ack; So we have forms such as Atherosclerosis (in Olomouc), Marten In Lithuania, Hornet (from Prostějov to Židlochovice), Blackthorn (west of Kyjov) and sporadically transformed sniff (west of Brno). It is remarkable that almost all of these variations also occur sporadically in Bohemia, primarily in the Slaný region and Podkrkonoší, although usually only as expressively coloured variants. Only in central and eastern Moravia did the suffix also become established -al: hornet/wasp.

Apart from variations of the expression Hornet we can record from those places in southwestern Moravia where they use the name Hornet for the wasp, its interesting secondary distinction with an adjective expressing the greater size and combative nature of this rarer insect compared to the common and as if basic wasp (in Note 4 We have been informed that in many places the hornet is simply factually identified with the wasp). Particularly in the Hrotovicko region, it is distinguished from hornets, i.e. wasps, European hornet (or military), and on one occasion, a likeness is also given military wasp; to the west of Brno it is again stated Giant hornet, or possibly. Vosa. Next to that, a simple designation is reported from Mor. Krumlov. soldier (cf. also the formally parallel expression Wasp ‚bumblebee‘) and three times on Oslavansko palcufka, and queen hornets, as thick as a thumb. On In the Kyjov region, a similar expression is often used. Thumb parallel to Hornet ap.), in the Bučovice area Thumb. Finally, among the unique names are Romani woman (Mor. Krumlov), presumably for the wasp's darker colour (from the Vyškov region, however Romani woman (used as a designation for a dark bumblebee) and further Harganash (from Židlochovice) and Honey buzzard From Slavkov.

4. BUZZER BEE (Bombus terrestris)

The most diverse in our group are undoubtedly the dialectal names for bumblebees; they are among the most varied of insect names in general. (This is due to the fact that the bumblebee is an object of great childish interest.) The variety is primarily in the diverse names of an onomatopoeic nature, which are based on the sound effects of the bumblebee's flight. Of the basic name Bumblebee from a Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeic root kilometres (for this etymology, see Holub-Kopečný, op. cit., p. 94) this motivation is already considerably blurred, but in its numerous variations it is always updated anew. It then significantly applies to names of the type brunďibár, bzučán, bunčák, secondarily also with borrowed names Homral, Mumel NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day.

The word "čmelák" originated from the older Bumblebee, which has survived to this day in the east of our territory, primarily in the Lašsko and Valašsko regions. In addition to the usual derivation by suffix -á, which we don't even really realise in this case, there are also several other, more striking suffixes, such as -ec in Sušice shackle in jest bumblebee, bumblebees, in Přeštice Fiddle-faddle Kubín reports from Jičínsko despite typos moth a Mole), -ar in a unique Vyškov district Bumblebee keeper. In most of these variations, alternation also occurs cough-/sneeze-, which also manifests in the form Bumblebee, especially in the Blansko region and the Dol region. Besides that, we have a variant in the Kopanice region and in the Břeclav area Bumblebee, further west, and scattered Smurf a fishhook (from the lowland region) — group shm- / sthm- attached in Old Czech bumblebee (cf. in Claros's Glossary, verse 223: bumblebee fucus) however, today's dialects no longer know. PoSimilar variants, on the other hand, live on in Russian dialects sorrel, Polish bumblebee and Slovak woodlouse. Other forms, such as bee-keeper a bee-keeper, primarily captured in southeastern Moravia, they did not arise through a sound shift, but rather through an attachment to the word bee In this area, the bumblebee is also called Ground bee. This also applies to the Bučovice cross-shaped form small cottage (= goulash × Bee-eater); in Dačice-Jemnice Fungus The shapes have crossed again Bumblebee a medulla.

The tone of the bumblebee's flight is even more strongly suggested by names formed from a series of expressive suffixes derived from roots. bru(n)-, bzu(č)- a bun. So in most of Bohemia, with the exception of parts of the southwest Bohemian region, they also call a bumblebee brun dibar, but also Grumblebum a Brunette,in the Broumov region Brumberák, You Loun briefly Brumbar, u Plas se objeví i Brunťa, in the Klatovy region chunky, at Týn nad Vltavou Boisterous, u Dačić Bouncer, České Budějovice Brunch, u Mor. Krumlova even Břončák a here. From the related base buzz- These names are more likely to be derived from the south: for example,. buzz on the Prachatice region (parallel to Beard), buzzer in south-western Moravia, hiccup in Blansko, and especially Wasp a bitten on the Bučovicko, which already forms the transition to the south-eastern Moravian forms from the ground up Bun(č)-: The survey found similarities in the space between Kojetín and Kyjov. bunyak, bunyar, bunchal, bunchak, bundzhak.

A special type within this group of names are the forms mumble in Manětín; on the nearby Stříbro, next to that we also find forms bumblebee, grubs (from German. Hummel), which are occasionally encountered elsewhere; in Haná, near Šternberk, a similar wording was also recorded hômrál, Český Krumlov Grumbling. All these borrowed forms are also onomatopoeic.

Another large group of names comes from the idea of the bumblebee's honey[178] load-bearing capacity; it is mainly in children's environments that bumblebees have received the most varied names, such as Bear (almost throughout Bohemia and widely in Moravia), bear (mainly in Central and also in North-West Bohemia), Badger (Central Bohemian), medulla (mainly in the Brdy region), sporadically also Medous (in Přeštice) and in Moravia also medallion, medal, medoon, bài mezulán (verging on a common swear word).

Are there any other specific designations remaining, particularly common in South Moravia, such as those probably borrowed Gáňa, onomatopoeic sound, buzz, figurative bass a Gypsy woman, and especially then Třebíč ones dad, The hedgehog lives in a larger area. Name father in diminutive form granny, grandma and so on; other species of insect, such as the cockchafer and the ladybird, are also given this name; the reason for the name, however, is always slightly different. West Moravian father ‚After all, ‘čmelák’ is probably linked to onomatopoeic naming. The term father it occurs almost exclusively in the area with the form wasp, So here we have, in order bee, wasp, hornet, grandma only feminine nouns.

The names are also very important, which have been transferred to the bumblebee from related species, and this again primarily in South Moravia. Besides the aforementioned, already Bee-eater a Earth bee This category is particularly designated you, extended yet common alongside the rarer Wasp in southwestern Moravia, and purely derived Wasp in the vicinity of Slavkov. This semantic shift is probably connected with the confusion of hornets and wasps (see above) Section 174... but it seems he was the one who prompted the shift of the name 'sršeň' to 'vosa': the ambiguity of the expression foul (= ‚wasp‘ and ‚bumblebee‘) meant that a new designation for wasps was needed.

*

It is obvious that the names for the bumblebee are quite variable in their diversity and thus more easily accessible to the influences of co-ordinate names, so that among them the names Wasps I'm not surprised at all. Bumblebee However, it takes first place, also in terms of how it formally affects our entire group. Its influence is most strongly evident here in the expansion of the originally coarse suffix -ák. Whilst numerous other derivational suffixes, such as -án, -ál, -ár, -oun, -ous, -da, -ťa, mainly applicable to dialectal names of bumblebees from the base medical a type brown-, we have a striking example of model creation in this extension, which for[179] to all the basics of co-ordinate words. For bumblebee names, for example, it is. bear, badger, dormouse, mumbler, bogeyman (and actually even Dumbledore could change into brown bear) — for other basic names it's wasp, and above all hornet ap.; the case of resemblance is finally peculiar Bee-eater (see also). This unifying suffix reached its peak in northeastern Bohemia, and especially in central and southeastern Moravia, where we find forms side by side wasp, hornet, bumblebee (or Bee-eater— Otherwise, we have such word-formation parallels mainly only between the names for bumblebee and hornet; for example, in Hanakian and East Moravian forms Worcestershire sauce, or in South-West Bohemian hornet. In the word Beard This is how the consciousness of derivation is revived, which in the form Hornet otherwise it has already died out; a similar case is also represented by a rare parallel bee-bumblebee (common in Sorbian) a bee - drone. In one case, we can finally point to the relationship between the names. Hornet a spotted woodpecker (in Blansko).

Otherwise impressed Bumblebee to the other members of the series, particularly vosu, their male gender — perhaps partly also together with hornet-wasp, whose nature is the most amenable in this respect. Especially if the word Hello received the meaning ‚bumblebee‘, it always leaned towards the masculine gender.

Another peculiar feature is the ancient, though now considerably faded, etymological relationship between the terms bee a Bumblebee (cf. Machek, op. cit., p. 557). This relationship is only revived further in southeastern Moravia with names bumblebee, drone. Pleasure Bee-eater roughly bee-keeper so they are actually a sort of tilting of the basic name bee masculine, as if to denote a male bee (similar to in pairs frog-toad, fly-mothOtherwise it remains bee as the only one always in the feminine gender, the names for bumblebees are usually in the masculine gender.

In the South Moravian region, all these mutually complementary semantic shifts and shape variations manifested themselves most abundantly, in essentially two different ways: Southwest of Brno, the fact that the name remained Wasps widened to the wasp as well, when the name Hello rendered as foul as a designation for a bumblebee and proper Hornet received a distinguishing adjective military, or. big. To the east of Brno with its centre in the Slavkov area, where significant shifts were also occurring Hornet → ‚vosa‘ a Hello → ‚bumblebee‘, the strong influence of the suffix was also added -ák. Against the south-west Bohemian Wasps (feminine gender) × foul (male) we have [180]parallel Hornet//Wasp//Bumblebee. In contrast, there was no such precise semantic distinction of the fundamentals.

Today, however, all such dialectal shifts in meaning are rapidly disappearing under the pressure of the standard language (the survey, for example, recorded the name west of Brno as Wasps in the meaning of ‚wasp‘ in only 18 instances). The situation is only slightly different in this regard in the Slavkov region, where, due to the influence of the standard meanings of words, there are today wasp, hornet Dialectal expressions Wasp a Blackthorn also potentially ambiguous: wasp 1. wasp, 2. bumblebee; Prickly pear 1. hornet, 2. wasp; here, of course, the transferred secondary meaning is also only present in the archaic stratum of rural dialects, and not even very significantly anymore; for example, Gregor's dictionary from this area only records the primary meaning for both terms. It is also characteristic that, with the overall instability of this semantic field, further secondary distinctions occur within the entire triplet of coordinate terms (the bee always remains unambiguous here too): in southeastern Blanensko, a survey occasionally reports a triplet Wasp ‚bumblebee hitch-hiker ‚vosa‘ - sNatter ‚sršeň‘, in the west of Vyškov a name for a wasp has been documented marzipan, for the bumblebee Earth bee, Gypsy woman, To Slavkov for the hornets honey buzzard, thumb, thumb, in Hustopeče harga.

As can be seen, the names for stinging hymenopteran insects have become so intertwined in our dialects in the past that they are now difficult to distinguish from one another. This is certainly partly due to the nature of the things being named – at first glance, all these insect species look quite similar to each other, especially in colour; the fact that they are stinging insects is also significant, as is the fact that most of them produce honey. Overall, the wasp and the hornet are the most similar, and are also the most frequently confused – mainly at the expense of the hornet, apparently due to its relative rarity. From a wasp to a bumblebee is a much greater leap, with confusion there being more expressive in origin – the bumblebee thus holds a unique position within its group in terms of the diversity of its names. In a different way, the useful domestic bee has always been distinguished from its wild relatives. It is practically never confused with them; on the other hand, it often serves as a basis for naming the related bumblebee (cf. our [181]bumblebee, earth bee, French. ground bee, English. bumblebee, Magyar. bumblebee) and as the only one, it also points outwards from our row to a nearby fly.

Almost all the semantic changes we have observed consist of shifts in meaning within a particular group of coordinate words. Similar semantic development has so far been observed more with versatile abstract concepts like freedom, reason, beauty, and speed, whilst speaking of synonymous meaning-forming processes within so-called semantic fields. In this contribution, we wanted to show how, to a certain extent, analogous processes actually occur within groups of coordinate words. These processes are particularly fertile ground for studying the names of smaller animals and less significant plants. Here, this shifting of the boundaries of meaning is applied everywhere, often even more strongly than the metaphorical transfer of meaning in figurative naming. We therefore believe that, alongside the study of the most diverse naming motifs, which Vážný's pioneering semasiological study „On the Names of Butterflies in Slovak Dialects“ (Bratislava 1955) brilliantly elaborates upon, our dialectology will continue to need to investigate the mutual relationship of names within certain coordinated sets of words, which influence each other more or less both in terms of meaning and form.